Evaluating the Gender Wage Gap in Georgia, 2004 – 2011

Khitarishvili, Tamar

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2289450

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The discrimination literature, by contrast, considers gender discrimination as the main reason for the gender pay gap. It holds that the discrimination plays a more important role than human capital in causing differences in earnings between men and women [15,16,17,18]. Supporting this notion, Lee and Wie [19] analyzed the gender pay gap between China and India from 1988 to 2010, and concluded that the severe gender discrimination in China's labor force was the main cause.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gender Pay Gap in China: Insights from a Discrimination Perspective

Bai¹,

Lee²,

Liao³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equal pay is an essential component of gender equality, one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Using resume data of over ten million Chinese online job seekers in 2015, we study the current gender pay gap in China. The results show that on average women only earned 71.57% of what men earned in China. The gender pay gap exists across all age groups and educational levels. Contrary to the commonly held view that developments in education, economy, and a more open culture would reduce the gender pay gap, the fusion analysis of resume data and socioeconomic data presents that they have not helped reach the gender pay equality in China. China seems to be stuck in a place where traditional methods cannot make further progress. Our analysis further shows that 81.47% of the variance in the gender pay gap can be potentially attributed to discrimination. In particular, compared with the unmarried, both the gender pay gap itself and proportion potentially attributed to discrimination of the married are larger, indicating that married women suffer greater inequality and more discrimination than unmarried ones. Taken together, we suggest that more research attention should be paid to the effect of discrimination in understanding gender pay gap based on the family constraint theory. We also suggest the Chinese government to increase investment in family-supportive policies and grants in addition to female education.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gender Pay Gap in China: Insights from a Discrimination Perspective

Bai¹,

Lee²,

Liao³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Up to the author`s knowledge, there is a few studies that explain the cross-country variations in gender gap in economic activity at micro level (Kleven and Landais, 2017) and none at macro level. Most studies in this regard have investigated the determinants of female labor force participation rates (Sherverick, 2014;Jaumotte , 2003: Chen et al, 2014, the gender gap in wages (Khitarishvili, 2013;Schober and winter, 2011). Also, the economic benefits of gender-equality in labor market on economic performance.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining the Gender-Gap in Economic Activity: A Cross-Country Study

Altarawneh

2020

RWE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study aims at investigating the cross-country variation in gender-gap in economic activity. A balanced panel data for 72 countries with complete data for the period 2000-2016 were extracted from the World Bank indicators. The statistical diagnostic tests supported the use of the fixed effect model. The series was stationary at level and not co-integrated. Moreover, the null hypothesis of the appropriateness of random effect model was rejected. The estimated results assure the importance of demand side factors in dampen the gender gap in economic activity as expected such as GDP growth, gender gaps in employment, in being self-employed and unemployment, urbanization and trade openness. Surprisingly, the supply side factors such the cross-country variation in gender gap in education and fertility rates were no more important determinants in explaining the gender gap in economic activity. This study recommends governments to improve the demand-side factors that would encourage more female employment and reduce the gender gap in economic activity later.

show abstract

“…Overall, in 2008-14, the raw gender gap declined from 46 percent to 37 percent ( figure 26, chart b). Khitarishvili (2013) has examined the share of gender wage gaps in Georgia that can be explained by differences in the characteristics of men and women in the labor market. She finds that variations in hours worked, the composition of the economic sector, and public employment, for example, in education, are the primary reasons for a large part of the gaps, but a substantial portion is also caused by structural factors.…”

Section: Gender Wage Gapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Georgia Country Gender Assessment

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This Country Gender Assessment (CGA) reviews the state of equality between women and men in Georgia in access to opportunities, that is, equality in rights, resources, and voice for women and men (World Bank 2007). Equality of rights refers to equality under the law, whether customary or statutory. Equality of resources refers to equality of access to human capital investments, productive resources, and markets. Equality of voice refers to the capacity to make decisions about one's own life, to act on these decisions, and to influence and contribute to the political discourse and the development process. Recognizing the commitment to gender equality in the constitution, in the legal framework, and in policies, this report mainly focuses on the state of equality in resources and voice. Specifically, the report reviews the extent of equality in the areas of demography, human capital, economic opportunities, and voice and agency and points to some common patterns. Gender differences This CGA finds that gender equality is visible in many outcomes in Georgia even though education and labor markets are characterized by much greater gender equality than they are in countries of similar income status, and its outcomes are comparable with those of the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region generally and of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Demographics and human capital endowments Of the 3.7 million estimated total population in Georgia, about 52 percent are women, but the men-towomen ratio is not uniform across all age cohorts. 1 Older age-groups have more than twice as many women as men. While women over 65 represent 16.5 percent of the total female population, men over 65 make up only 11 percent of the male population. This pattern is rooted in male migration as well as gender differences in life expectancy. Women's life expectancy at birth, 78 years, exceeds that of men, 71 years.

show abstract

Evaluating the Gender Wage Gap in Georgia, 2004 – 2011

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

The Gender Pay Gap in China: Insights from a Discrimination Perspective

The Gender Pay Gap in China: Insights from a Discrimination Perspective

Explaining the Gender-Gap in Economic Activity: A Cross-Country Study

Georgia Country Gender Assessment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About