Evaluating the fire risk associated with cladding panels: An overview of fire incidents, policies, and future perspective in fire standards

Yuen, Anthony; Chen, Timothy Bo Yuan; Li, Ao; Cordeiro, Ivan Miguel De Cachinho; Liu, Luzhe; Liu, Hengrui; Lo, Anson Lok Pui; Chan, Qing Nian; Yeoh, Guan Heng

doi:10.1002/fam.2973

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Because of the fire performance in façade systems, the flame can propagate along the vertical direction and cause the fire reentry among multiple floors. In most cases, the façade fire can engulf the whole building within 10–20 min 3 . Several notorious façade fires have caused substantial loss of life: among them was the apartment fire in Shanghai, China in 2010 (Figure 1A) which tragically resulted in 58 fatalities and 71 injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, the façade fire can engulf the whole building within 10-20 min. 3 Several notorious façade fires have caused substantial loss of life: among them was the apartment fire in Shanghai, China in 2010 (Figure 1A) which tragically resulted in 58 fatalities and 71 injuries. And then a few years later, a more serious façade fire occurred at the Grenfell Tower in 2017 (Figure 1B), killing 80 people and injuring 70 others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large eddy simulations fire modeling of JIS A 1310 façade calibration test with respect to sidewall

Sun,

Yoshioka,

Noguchi

et al. 2024

Fire and Materials

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The full‐scale façade standard test is widely employed as a comprehensive method to assess the façade fire spread. Within this approach, the calibration test without combustible façade decouples the intricate interaction between gas‐phase combustion and material pyrolysis, which simplifies diagnostics and provides an ideal scenario for model validation. This paper presents large eddy simulations (LES) accompanied by comparisons of calibration tests in accordance with JIS A 1310. The calibration tests were conducted to obtain the flame morphologies, gas‐phase temperature, and heat flux of over‐ventilated façade fires, and the LES modeling is complemented by the modified eddy dissipation model for combustion, the one‐equation model for the sub‐grid scale turbulence, and the discrete ordinate method with the gray mean absorption‐emission approach for thermal radiation. The accuracy of LES data is discussed by comparing with measurements, and the mesh resolution is optimized as 2.5 cm for achieving mesh independency with good qualitative agreement. Furthermore, simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of sidewall distances on façade flame spread. The results highlight that the enhancement of sidewall in façade flame spread occurs under external heat release rate, and the 0.2 m sidewall distance for the designated JIS test is identified as a critical threshold increasing façade thermal load.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large eddy simulations fire modeling of JIS A 1310 façade calibration test with respect to sidewall

Sun,

Yoshioka,

Noguchi

et al. 2024

Fire and Materials

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“…Nevertheless, these advancements also have some counterparts, potentially causing a thermal runaway (TR) phenomenon due to its less thermal stability. Many LIB fires happened in the recent decade [1][2][3][4], and battery safety has become an essential topic for the development of LIBs. Due to different energy demands, battery cells are usually packed in series or in parallel to work as a battery pack or a battery system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Propagation Modelling of Abnormal Heat Generation in Various Battery Cell Locations

Yuen

Weng

et al. 2022

Batteries

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With the increasing demand for energy capacity and power density in battery systems, the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries has become a major challenge for the upcoming decade. The heat transfer during the battery thermal runaway provides insight into thermal propagation. A better understanding of the heat exchange process improves a safer design and enhances battery thermal management performance. This work proposes a three-dimensional thermal model for the battery pack simulation by applying an in-house model to study the internal battery thermal propagation effect under the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation framework. The simulation results were validated with the experimental data. The detailed temperature distribution and heat transfer behaviour were simulated and analyzed. The thermal behaviour and cooling performance were compared by changing the abnormal heat generation locations inside the battery pack. The results indicated that various abnormal heat locations disperse heat to the surrounding coolant and other cells. According to the current battery pack setups, the maximum temperature of Row 2 cases can be increased by 2.93%, and the temperature difference was also increased. Overall, a new analytical approach has been demonstrated to investigate several stipulating battery thermal propagation scenarios for enhancing battery thermal performances.

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“…It requires quality and reliable data obtained through multiple fire experiments, which are costly and destructive. Furthermore, there are limited techniques to extract the actual chemical composition of emitted volatiles to properly characterise the combustion chemistry in the gas phase and model the solid pyrolysis process [ 26 ]. Consequently, single-step gas-phase combustion reactions are often applied instead of detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation towards Coupling Molecular Dynamics with Computational Fluid Dynamics for Modelling Polymer Pyrolysis

et al. 2022

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Building polymers implemented into building panels and exterior façades have been determined as the major contributor to severe fire incidents, including the 2017 Grenfell Tower fire incident. To gain a deeper understanding of the pyrolysis process of these polymer composites, this work proposes a multi-scale modelling framework comprising of applying the kinetics parameters and detailed pyrolysis gas volatiles (parent combustion fuel and key precursor species) extracted from Molecular Dynamics models to a macro-scale Computational Fluid Dynamics fire model. The modelling framework was tested for pure and flame-retardant polyethylene systems. Based on the modelling results, the chemical distribution of the fully decomposed chemical compounds was realised for the selected polymers. Subsequently, the identified gas volatiles from solid to gas phases were applied as the parent fuel in the detailed chemical kinetics combustion model for enhanced predictions of toxic gas, charring, and smoke particulate predictions. The results demonstrate the potential application of the developed model in the simulation of different polymer materials without substantial prior knowledge of the thermal degradation properties from costly experiments.

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Evaluating the fire risk associated with cladding panels: An overview of fire incidents, policies, and future perspective in fire standards

Abstract: Multifunctional building façades have become an increasingly critical component in modern buildings, especially after the tremendous scrutiny triggered by the utilization of combustible aluminum cladding panels (ACP) in the construction sector. Following

Cited by 32 publications

References 148 publications

Large eddy simulations fire modeling of JIS A 1310 façade calibration test with respect to sidewall

Large eddy simulations fire modeling of JIS A 1310 façade calibration test with respect to sidewall

Thermal Propagation Modelling of Abnormal Heat Generation in Various Battery Cell Locations

An Investigation towards Coupling Molecular Dynamics with Computational Fluid Dynamics for Modelling Polymer Pyrolysis

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