Evaluating the Environmental Persistence and Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage and the Presumed Ebola Virus Surrogate Phi6 Using Low Concentration Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor

Wood, Joseph P.; Richter, William R.; Sunderman, Michelle; Calfee, M. Worth; Serre, Shannon; Mickelsen, Leroy

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06034

Cited by 40 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…For example, the disinfectant spray (H 2 O 2 /NaOCl) is commonly suggested to inactivate the enveloped virus from the waste surface ( Gallandat et al, 2017 ), but this cannot work in each of the cases. The presence of blood on fomites would require a much higher dosage of disinfectant ( Wood et al, 2020 ) that can be better understood for several other circumstances by interdisciplinary researches.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management

Ilyas

Srivastava

2020

Science of The Total Environment

347

259

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The isolation wards, institutional quarantine centers, and home quarantine are generating a huge amount of bio-medical waste (BMW) worldwide since the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The personal protective equipment, testing kits, surgical facemasks, and nitrile gloves are the major contributors to waste volume. Discharge of a new category of BMW (COVID-waste) is of great global concern to public health and environmental sustainability if handled inappropriately. It may cause exponential spreading of this fatal disease as waste acts as a vector for SARS-CoV-2, which survives up to 7 days on COVID-waste (like facemasks). Proper disposal of COVID-waste is therefore immediately requires to lower the threat of pandemic spread and for sustainable management of the environmental hazards. Henceforth, in the present article, disinfection technologies for handling COVID-waste from its separate collection to various physical and chemical treatment steps have been reviewed. Furthermore, policy briefs on the global initiatives for COVID-waste management including the applications of different disinfection techniques have also been discussed with some potential examples effectively applied to reduce both health and environmental risks. This article can be of great significance to the strategy development for preventing/controlling the pandemic of similar episodes in the future.

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Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management

Ilyas

Srivastava

2020

Science of The Total Environment

347

259

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“…The transmission pathway of infected blood, and the protective nature of the blood matrix as shown by Fischer et al (22), led to the use, in the current study, of ATS as a blood stimulant, as it contains proteins, hemoglobin, and carbohydrates. Though testing only continued for 72 h, Wood et al demonstrated better persistence of phi 6 when suspended in blood diluent than in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ( Table 1) and that the influence of the matrix overshadowed the influence of the fomite material (43). The current data show that phi 6 infectivity persists longer in dried ATS (18°C, 20% RH, 3.04 g/m 3 AH) than the Ebola Makona-WPGC07 strain persisted in blood under similar, but not exact, conditions (21°C, 40% RH, 7.35 g/m 3 AH) (22).…”

Section: (21 55-70) N/a N/a N/a 1 H (3) 34 Sars-cov-1 Cotton Gown Grmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate

Whitworth

Houston

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The infection of healthcare workers during the 2013 -2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage Phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of Phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for EBOV and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1 cm2 coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels; a low AH of 3.0 g/m3 and a high AH of 14.4 g/m3. Phi 6 declined at a slower rate on all materials under low AH conditions with a decay rate of 0.06 log10PFU/d to 0.11 log10PFU/d, as compared to the higher AH conditions with a decay rate of 0.65 log10PFU/h to 1.42 log10PFU/d. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and non-porous surfaces at both low AH (P < 0.0001) and high AH (P < 0.0001). Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, Phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low AH conditions, in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. Additionally, some coronaviruses persist longer than phi6 under similar conditions, therefore Phi6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE Understanding the persistence of enveloped viruses helps inform infection control practices and procedures in healthcare facilities and community settings. These data convey to public health investigators that enveloped viruses can persist and remain infective on surfaces, thus demonstrating a potential risk for transmission. Under these laboratory-simulated western indoor hospital conditions, Phi 6 was used to assess suitability as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses.

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“…30,31 Bacteriophage MS2 is a non-enveloped virus that has been used as a surrogate in studies looking at airborne RNA viral pathogens, as well as disinfectant studies performed by the U.S. EPA. [32][33][34] G. stearothermophilus spores have been used in the study of PAA decontamination of surfaces. 35 Our findings are consistent with previous studies that demonstrated the efficacy of the PAA disinfection system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable In-hospital Decontamination of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator with a Peracetic Acid Room Disinfection System

John

Raju

Cadnum

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Critical shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) especially N95 respirators during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to be a source of great concern among health care workers (HCWs). Novel methods of N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) decontamination that can be scaled-up for in-hospital use can help address this concern and keep HCWs safe. Methods: A multidisciplinary pragmatic study was conducted to evaluate the use of an ultrasonic room high-level disinfection system (HLDS) that generates aerosolized peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide for decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators. A cycle duration that consistently achieved disinfection of N95 respirators (defined as >6 log10 reductions in bacteriophage MS2 and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores inoculated onto respirators) was identified. The treated masks were then assessed for changes to their hydrophobicity, material structure, strap elasticity, and filtration efficiency (FE). Assessment of PAA and hydrogen peroxide off-gassing from a treated mask was also performed. Results: The PAA room disinfection system was effective for the decontamination of N95 respirators in a 2447 cubic feet room with deploy and dwell times of 16 and 32 minutes respectively, and a total cycle time of 1 hour and 16 minutes. After 5 treatment cycles, no adverse effects were detected on filtration efficiency, structural integrity, or strap elasticity. There was no detectable off-gassing of PAA and hydrogen peroxide from the treated masks 20 and 60 minutes after the disinfection cycle respectively. Conclusion: The PAA room disinfection system provides a rapidly scalable solution for in-hospital decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators to meet the needs of HCWs during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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Evaluating the Environmental Persistence and Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage and the Presumed Ebola Virus Surrogate Phi6 Using Low Concentration Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor

Cited by 40 publications

References 39 publications

Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management

Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management

Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate

Scalable In-hospital Decontamination of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator with a Peracetic Acid Room Disinfection System

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