Evaluating the environmental impacts of the multi-feedstock biodiesel production process in Indonesia using life cycle assessment (LCA)

Sustainability assessment of palm oil-based refinery systems for food, fuel, and chemicals

“…The GHG emissions of CPO in the literature range from 0.5 -1.164 kg CO2 eq/kg CPO (Hosseini and Abdul Wahid, 2015; Ma et al, 2022). The GHG emissions of biodiesel are 1.84 kg CO2 eq/kg B100, similar to the study by Wahyono et al (2022).…”

Life cycle assessment of Moringa oleifera derived biodiesel: Energy efficiency, CO2 intensity and environmental impacts

“…The high contribution is due to Pesticides process used during Moringa oleifera farming which includes herbicides (SS1) and insecticides (SS1) (table inventory) leading to copper use of raw material. These data are lower than that obtained from soybean biodiesel and jatropha and multifeedstock derived biodiesel with values of 13.40, 5.22 and 17.5 kg Sb‐eq/t 40,57 …”

“…A total of 406 kg 1,4‐DCB/t contributed to Human Toxicity (HT) and is mostly affected by the process of Heat (SS2, SS3), Pesticides (SS1), Glycerine (SS3), and Transport (SS2), with a contribution of 22.03%, 21.10%, 13.39%, and 12.84%, respectively. This human toxicity value is lower than those reported in the literature with 770 kg 1,4‐DCB/t for biodiesel derived from multifeedstock of soybean, canola, sunflower 40 . Another study 57 reported a value of 994 and 493.6 kg 1,4‐DCB/t for soybean and jatropha biodiesel, respectively.…”

“…Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method based on ISO standards 14040/14044, that enables the characterization of potential environmental performances of a production system, of a product or a service through its lifespan including all phases for a product's life cycle ( Cradle to Grave ) in order to potential improvements, which make it a relevant tool for decision makers 33 . Several studies have reported the life cycle assessment of biodiesel generated from oil crops such as soybean, 34 jatropha oil, 35,36 palm oil, 37 castor oil, 38 rapeseed, 39 multi‐feedstock biodiesel 40 …”

Functionalized organic–inorganic hybrid porous coordination polymer-based catalysts for biodiesel production via trans/esterification

“…[1][2][3][4] Hence, looking for a kind of new, green, and renewable alternative energy has attracted extensive attention among relevant researchers all over the world. [5][6][7][8] In addition, for the proposal of the development goal of "peaking carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060", it will further promote the shift in China's fossil energy utilization to new green energy, which will continue to strengthen the trend of low-carbon and the decarbonization of energy. [9][10][11] There are many kinds of renewable energy sources that can support energy demand, which mainly including wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, biomass energy, and geothermal energy.…”