Evaluating the Effects of the Supportive Parenting App on Infant Developmental Outcomes: Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Background Previous studies have investigated the various effects of parenting on infant developmental outcomes. In particular, parental stress and social support have been found to significantly affect the growth of the newborn. Although many parents today use mobile apps to obtain more support in parenting and perinatal care, few studies have examined how these apps could affect infant development. Objective This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Supportive Parenting App (SPA) in improving infant developmental outcomes during the perinatal period. Methods This study adopted a 2-group parallel prospective longitudinal design and recruited 200 infants and their parents (N=400 mothers and fathers). The parents were recruited at 24 weeks of gestation for a randomized controlled trial conducted from February 2020 to July 2022. They were randomly allocated to either the intervention or control group. The infant outcome measures included cognition, language, motor skills, and social-emotional development. Data were collected from the infants when they were aged 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months. Linear and modified Poisson regressions were used to analyze the data to examine between- and within-group changes. Results At 9 and 12 months post partum, the infants in the intervention group were found to have better communication and language skills than those in the control group. An analysis of motor development revealed that a larger proportion of the infants in the control group fell under the at-risk category, where they scored approximately 2 SDs below the normative scores. The control group infants scored higher on the problem solving domain at 6 months post partum. However, at 12 months postpartum, the infants in the intervention group performed better on cognitive tasks than those in the control group. Despite not being statistically significant, the intervention group infants were found to have consistently scored better on the social components of the questionnaires than the control group infants. Conclusions Overall, the infants whose parents had received the SPA intervention tended to fare better in most developmental outcome measures than those whose parents had received standard care only. The findings of this study suggest that the SPA intervention exerted positive effects on the communication, cognition, motor, and socioemotional development of the infants. Further research is needed to improve the content and support provided by the intervention to maximize the benefits gained by infants and their parents. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04706442; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04706442

Postpartum stress in the first 6 months after delivery: a longitudinal study in Nantong, China

“…Later into the postpartum period, the women were able to better choose appropriate and regular feeding patterns, recognise their baby’s needs, and soothe their crying or upset baby. Hence, postpartum stress associated with infant nurturing was reduced, and it only increased if the baby developed any health issues 55–57. Studies also found that maternal postpartum mental health may benefit from positive father engagement in infant care,58 59 and higher father engagement may mitigate maternal stress associated with infant sleep disturbances 60.…”

“…Hence, postpartum stress associated with infant nurturing was reduced, and it only increased if the baby developed any health issues. [55][56][57] Studies also found that maternal postpartum mental health may benefit from positive father engagement in infant care, 58 59 and higher father engagement may mitigate maternal stress associated with infant sleep disturbances. 60 Most Chinese fathers do not observe gender role boundaries in child rearing and are reported to be actively involved in childcare activities, such as feeding and bathing.…”