Evaluating the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, ingested individually or in combination, and a taste-matched placebo on high-intensity cycling capacity in healthy males

Higgins, Matthew F.; Wilson, Susie; Hill, Charles W. L.; Duncan, Michael; Tallis, Jason

doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0371

Cited by 12 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…There is also a lack of research on long-term ALK supplementation in combination with other supplements. In noncycling trained males, Higgins et al [52] showed that one-time pre-exercise SB, caffeine (CAF), and SB + CAF intake did not affect VO 2 , VE, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during high-intensity cycling and the only differences were found in the case of greater HR after the combined supplementation of SB and CAF or CAF supplementation in comparison to PLA. Similar changes in SB and PLA group were observed in taekwondo athletes (in the case of VO 2 and HR in three consecutive exercise rounds) [53], and in boxers (without changes in HRmax after SB supplementation) [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study

Durkalec-Michalski

Kusy²,

Ciekot-Sołtysiak³

et al. 2019

Nutrients

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The study aimed to verify the effect of intra- (beta-alanine—BA) versus extra- (alkaline agents—ALK) cellular buffering agent supplementation, combined with customarily used branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and creatine malate (TCM) treatment in natural training conditions. Thirty-one elite athletes (11 sprinters and 20 endurance athletes) participated in the study. Eight-week randomized double-blind, crossover, combined supplementation with BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM and ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM was implemented. In the course of the experiment, body composition, aerobic capacity, and selected blood markers were assayed. After BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation, total fat-free mass increased in sprinters (p = 0.009). No other differences were found in body composition, respiratory parameters, aerobic capacity, blood lactate concentration, and hematological indices after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM/ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM supplementation. The maximum post-exercise blood ammonia (NH3) concentration decreased in both groups after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation (endurance, p = 0.002; sprint, p < 0.0001). Also, lower NH3 concentrations were observed in endurance athletes in the post-exercise recovery period. The results of our study indicate that combined BCAA, TCM, and BA supplementation is more effective than combined BCAA, TCM and ALK supplementation for an increase in fat-free mass and exercise adaptation, but not for aerobic capacity improvement. Besides, it seems that specific exercise stimuli and the training status are key factors affecting exercise performance, even in athletes using efficient supplementation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study

Durkalec-Michalski

Kusy²,

Ciekot-Sołtysiak³

et al. 2019

Nutrients

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“…The effects of different sodium bicarbonate ingestion protocols to maximize the ergogenic effects while minimizing the incidence and severity of side-effects have also been examined [38,46,47,55,75,77,99,121]. Studies have also investigated the interaction of sodium bicarbonate with other ergogenic aids, such as beta-alanine, caffeine, and creatine (Table 2) [126,127,[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147]. The purpose of this position stand was to: (1) critically evaluate and summarize the scientific literature on the ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate; (2) provide recommendations for the use of sodium bicarbonate as an ergogenic aid; and (3) suggest key topics for future research on sodium bicarbonate supplementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance

Grgić

Pedišić

Saunders

et al. 2021

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance, conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (doses from 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg) improves performance in muscular endurance activities, various combat sports, including boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling, and in high-intensity cycling, running, swimming, and rowing. The ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate are mostly established for exercise tasks of high-intensity that last between 30 s and 12 min. Sodium bicarbonate improves performance in single- and multiple-bout exercise. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance in both men and women. For single-dose supplementation protocols, 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate seems to be the minimum dose required to experience improvements in exercise performance. The optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate dose for ergogenic effects seems to be 0.3 g/kg. Higher doses (e.g., 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg) may not be required in single-dose supplementation protocols, because they do not provide additional benefits (compared with 0.3 g/kg) and are associated with a higher incidence and severity of adverse side-effects. For single-dose supplementation protocols, the recommended timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion is between 60 and 180 min before exercise or competition. Multiple-day protocols of sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be effective in improving exercise performance. The duration of these protocols is generally between 3 and 7 days before the exercise test, and a total sodium bicarbonate dose of 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg per day produces ergogenic effects. The total daily dose is commonly divided into smaller doses, ingested at multiple points throughout the day (e.g., 0.1 to 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate consumed at breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The benefit of multiple-day protocols is that they could help reduce the risk of sodium bicarbonate-induced side-effects on the day of competition. Long-term use of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., before every exercise training session) may enhance training adaptations, such as increased time to fatigue and power output. The most common side-effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation are bloating, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The incidence and severity of side-effects vary between and within individuals, but it is generally low. Nonetheless, these side-effects following sodium bicarbonate supplementation may negatively impact exercise performance. Ingesting sodium bicarbonate (i) in smaller doses (e.g., 0.2 g/kg or 0.3 g/kg), (ii) around 180 min before exercise or adjusting the timing according to individual responses to side-effects, (iii) alongside a high-carbohydrate meal, and (iv) in enteric-coated capsules are possible strategies to minimize the likelihood and severity of these side-effects. Combining sodium bicarbonate with creatine or beta-alanine may produce additive effects on exercise performance. It is unclear whether combining sodium bicarbonate with caffeine or nitrates produces additive benefits. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance primarily due to a range of its physiological effects. Still, a portion of the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate seems to be placebo-driven.

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“…In SB supplementation studies, progressive-dose SB ingestion improved CrossFit-specific performance and delayed ventilatory threshold occurrence [ 30 ]. Studies involving recreationally active people also proved the effect of SB supplementation on cardiorespiratory exercise indices [ 45 , 46 ]. Summarizing these aspects, training status and sports performance level may have a crucial impact on the effect of agents supporting buffer capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies including athletes [ 43 , 49 ] also showed that peak blood lactate concentration increased after acute SB administration (0.3 g·kg −1 before exercise). Likewise, studies on recreationally active people [ 45 , 46 , 50 ] resulted in higher blood lactate concentration compared to placebo. It was suggested that increased blood lactate after SB ingestion was observed in individuals who improved their exercise capacity [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of multi-ingredient intra- versus extra-cellular buffering supplementation combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine on exercise-induced ammonia blood concentration and aerobic capacity in taekwondo athletes

Durkalec-Michalski

Kusy

Główka

et al. 2021

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background This study aimed to investigate the effect of multi-ingredient intra- (BA) versus extra- (ALK) cellular buffering factor supplementation, combined with the customary intake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and creatine malate (TCM), on body composition, exercise variables, and biochemical and hematological parameters in 9 elite taekwondo athletes. Methods Eight-week randomized double-blind crossover BA (5.0 g·day−1 of β-alanine) versus ALK (0.07 g·kgFFM−1·day−1 of sodium bicarbonate) supplementation combined with BCAA (0.2 g·kgFFM−1·day−1) and TCM (0.05 g·kgFFM−1·day−1) during a standard 8-week taekwondo training period was implemented. In the course of the experiment, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), aerobic capacity (ergospirometric measurements during an incremental treadmill test until exhaustion), and exercise blood biomarkers concentrations were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures within-between interaction analysis of variance with the inclusion of experimental supplementation order. Results The maximum post-exercise blood ammonia concentration decreased in both groups after supplementation (from 80.3 ± 10.6 to 72.4 ± 10.2 µmol∙L−1, p = 0.013 in BA; from 81.4 ± 8.7 to 74.2 ± 8.9 µmol∙L−1, p = 0.027 in ALK), indicating reduced exercise-related adenosine triphosphate degradation. However, no differences were found in body composition, aerobic capacity, blood lactate concentration, and hematological parameters after neither BA (combined with BCAA and TCM) nor ALK (combined with BCAA and TCM) supplementation. Conclusions In highly trained taekwondo athletes, neither extra- nor intracellular buffering enhancement resulting from BA and ALK supplementation, combined with BCAA and TCM treatment, affects body mass and composition, maximum oxygen uptake, and hematological indices, even though certain advantageous metabolic adaptations can be observed.

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Evaluating the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, ingested individually or in combination, and a taste-matched placebo on high-intensity cycling capacity in healthy males

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study

The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance

The effect of multi-ingredient intra- versus extra-cellular buffering supplementation combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine on exercise-induced ammonia blood concentration and aerobic capacity in taekwondo athletes

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