Evaluating the effectiveness of copper sulphate, chlorine, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and ozone on cyanobacterial cell integrity

Existing and emerging cyanocidal compounds: new perspectives for cyanobacterial bloom mitigation

“…Though the oxidative power of HP is not much different, it proved the weakest permeation agent, when added at a concentration 10 mg L -1 it was shown to render no more than 50 % of the cells to become permeable after 1 day and about 85 % of permeable cells after 2 days, after which increase in permeation changed to a reversal, with regain of cell integrity (and growth) starting at day 3 and complete recovery reached at day 7. These data agree with the observations discussed in the HP section above, where it is shown that HP effectiveness relies on the initial reaction rate; if HP action is as slow as in the Fan et al (2013) study, reversal is indeed expected, though a mechanistic explanation and definition of the point of no return value in HP application remains to be proposed. Table 1 presents a summary of compounds discussed in this review, showing their mode of action, and effectiveness as specific cyanocide, their ecosafety and related sustainability, the applicable dose range, the market price per metric ton (1000 kg), with some specific comments added.…”

“…Copper is applied in different formulations, and next to copper sulphate, other forms like copper oxychloride, organo-copper complexes like copper ethanolamine complex (cutrine) or copper citrate are used in commercial preparations (MurrayGulde et al 2002;Zhao et al 2009;Qian et al 2010;Calomeni et al 2014). Concentrations used are in the range of hundreds of micrograms Cu L -1 (Jancula and Marsalek 2011a;Fan et al 2013). The principle of algicidal activity is through presence of bioavailable Cu 2?…”

“…humic) substances, or conductivity and that the narrow concentration range between general algicidal and the wanted more specific cyanocidal functionality likely limits the selective application of copper as a specific cyanocide (Mastin and Rodgers 2000). It is also considered that the duration of cyanostatical effects of copper in aquatic ecosystems lasts for around 1 week only, which is due to rapid loss from the water phase through precipitation of copper as insoluble salts and hydroxylates (Cooke et al 1993;Zhou et al 2013;Fan et al 2013). A need for longerterm effectiveness requires repeated treatments, creating the problem of accumulation of Cu in the sediment with unknown risks for potential harm to diverse benthic life (Jancula and Marsalek 2011b).…”

“…These strong oxidant treatments do not easily qualify for lake ecosystems, but may find application in waste water processing. Fan et al (2013) evaluated the effectiveness of chlorine, HP, ozone and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) using SYTOX green stain permeation as a measure for changes in cell membrane permeability. All of these oxidizing compounds impair the cell membrane, and destroy cell integrity with arrest of growth of M. aeruginosa in dense blooms.…”

How to combat cyanobacterial blooms: strategy toward preventive lake restoration and reactive control measures

“…Although cyanobacteria are particularly sensitive, CuSO 4 is a broad spectrum biocide. It can have adverse effects on other biota, for example zooplankton and fish, and tends to accumulate in lake bottom sediments (Chorus and Bartram 1999;de Oliveira-Filho et al 2004;Cooke et al 2005;Newcombe et al 2010;Jančula and Maršálek 2011;Fan et al 2013). Copper is a priority substance in the WFD.…”