Evaluating the correlation between adrenal gland dimensions and aortic diameter in healthy dogs

Ghavidel, Mahshid; Mirshahi, Ali; Azizzadeh, Mohammad; Khoshnegah, Javad

doi:10.1111/ahe.12443

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, other parameters such as adrenal area and circumference could be of interest for the assessment of adrenal gland size in different weight categories. 27 Finally, although body weight was not more than the double among the established body weight categories, the weight category that included large breed dogs (>20-40 kg) could had a higher amplitude than other weight categories. Therefore, further assessment of different weight categories in large-breed dogs could also be of interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Thus, further inclusion of older animals would be of value in future studies. Additionally, other parameters such as adrenal area and circumference could be of interest for the assessment of adrenal gland size in different weight categories 27 . Finally, although body weight was not more than the double among the established body weight categories, the weight category that included large breed dogs (>20–40 kg) could had a higher amplitude than other weight categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasound evaluation of adrenal gland size in clinically healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Melián

Pérez-López²,

Saavedra

et al. 2021

Veterinary Record

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Background: Precise reference intervals of adrenal gland thickness are required for detection of adrenomegaly in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Methods: Eighty‐six clinically healthy dogs were prospectively included, and 91 dogs with untreated HAC were retrospectively evaluated. Dorso‐ventral adrenal gland thickness was ultrasonographically measured on the sagittal plane. Dogs were classified into four body weight categories, and those with HAC were also ultrasonographically classified as consistent with pituitary‐dependent HAC (PDH), adrenal‐dependent HAC (FAT), equivocal adrenal asymmetry (EAA), or normal adrenal thickness. Results: The upper limits for left adrenal gland in clinically healthy dogs were 5.1 mm (≥2.5–5 kg), 5.5 mm (>5–10 kg), 6.4 mm (>10–20 kg), and 7.3 mm (>20–40 kg), and for right adrenal gland the upper limits were 5.3 mm (≥2.5–5 kg), 6.8 mm (>5–10 kg), 7.5 mm (>10–20 kg), and 8.7 mm (>20–40 kg). The sensitivity of ultrasound to detect adrenomegaly in dogs with HAC was 95.6%. Most dogs with HAC (56.0%) had ultrasound findings consistent with either PDH or FAT; however, EAA was commonly occurring in 39.6% of dogs with HAC. Conclusions: The sensitivity of ultrasonography to detect adrenomegaly in dogs with HAC is high when using four weight categories. EAA is common in dogs with HAC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound evaluation of adrenal gland size in clinically healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Melián

Pérez-López²,

Saavedra

et al. 2021

Veterinary Record

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“…As previously described, adrenal length and height measured on the sagittal plane were significantly correlated with BW and showed less variation, particularly in small-breed dogs [ 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Moreover, the caudal pole of adrenal thickness measured on the sagittal plane was significantly correlated with gross appearance [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…This factor contributes to the ambiguous normal reference of the adrenal gland in dogs, leading to misinterpretation. Several reports have shown that organ dimension-to-aorta (Ao) ratios are useful for assessing normal organ sizes in dogs, including kidneys [ 11 ], caudal vena cava [ 12 , 13 ], portal vein [ 14 ], and intra-abdominal lymph nodes [ 15 ], as well as the adrenal gland [ 16 , 17 ]. However, the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio in the normal adrenal gland, PDH, and adrenal tumors has yet to be investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of ultrasonographic adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-aorta ratio in the diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal diseases in dogs

et al. 2023

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Background and Aim: Ultrasound (US) is a useful tool for detecting adrenal abnormalities. However, a definite reference range differentiating normal and diseased adrenal glands in dogs of varying body sizes is still lacking. The organ dimension-to-aorta (Ao) ratio of the dogs is correlated with their body weight (BW). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the adrenal dimensions, including adrenal pole thickness and adrenal length, as well as the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio, to differentiate between dogs with normal, benign lesions such as pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and malignant invasive adrenal tumors. Materials and Methods: The medical records and US images of 39 dogs that were either normal (normal) (n = 15) or affected by PDH (n = 15) or malignant invasive adrenal tumors (tumor) (n = 9) were retrieved in this study. All the dogs had a transabdominal US on the sagittal plane. The adrenal dimensions and luminal Ao diameter at the peak of the systolic phase were recorded. The average adrenal dimensions, including the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio, were compared among the groups. Results: Most of the dogs in each group were small-breed dogs with comparable ages, BW, and Ao values. Both adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio were significantly lower in the normal group than in the PDH and tumor groups. To differentiate the PDH group from the tumor group, adrenal dimensions of pole thickness and length were more appropriate than the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio. Conclusion: Adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-Ao ratio can be used to diagnose adrenal diseases. However, in small-breed dogs, adrenal dimensions are suitable for differentiating PDH from tumor groups. Further research is required with a larger sample size and a wider range of canine body sizes.

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“…The measurements obtained in the present study only correspond to adult non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. In dogs, a ratio comparing adrenal gland size and aortic diameter has recently been used to demonstrate the influence of weight on adrenal size and show the absence of any influence of sex or age on this ratio [31,32]. This should be explored in cattle, by considering different factors such as type of production (beef or dairy), breed, level of production, level of stress, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Barreiro-Vázquez

Barreiro-Lois

Miranda

2020

Animals

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Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary). The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein–Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm; and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding reference preliminary values.

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Evaluating the correlation between adrenal gland dimensions and aortic diameter in healthy dogs

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Ultrasound evaluation of adrenal gland size in clinically healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Ultrasound evaluation of adrenal gland size in clinically healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

The use of ultrasonographic adrenal dimensions and the adrenal dimension-to-aorta ratio in the diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal diseases in dogs

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

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