Evaluating the case for trivalent or quadrivalent influenza vaccines

Baxter, David

doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1091130

Cited by 20 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In regard to clinical relevance, influenza A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) are responsible for two-thirds of annual influenza infections, and thus, corresponding antibodies are often considered to be of greater importance for the prevention of influenza. 21 , 22 In this study, influenza titers of antibodies directed against the A-antigens were higher than those of the B-antigens in each treatment group. The proportion of responders (i.e., seroconversion rates) was also higher for the A-antigens (app.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

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Impact of siponimod on vaccination response in a randomized, placebo-controlled study

Ufer

Shakeri‐Nejad

Gardin

et al. 2017

Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm

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Objective:To evaluate effects of siponimod on response to T-cell–dependent (influenza) and T-cell–independent (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PPV-23]) vaccinations in healthy participants.Methods:In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, each participant underwent a 7-week treatment period and received intramuscular injections of influenza and PPV-23 vaccines (day 21). Participants were randomized to 4 treatment groups (N = 30 each) and received placebo or siponimod 2 mg once daily in concomitant, interrupted, or preceding fashion. Individual response to vaccination was defined by a ≥4-fold (influenza) antibody titer increase and by a ≥2-fold increase in serotype-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentrations (PPV-23) on day 28 vs baseline. Responder rates were compared using noninferiority analysis.Results:Mean influenza titers were similar to placebo in the preceding and interrupted groups but lower in the concomitant group. The proportion of participants with influenza titers ≥40 four weeks after vaccination (seroprotection) was similar to placebo across all groups and antigens. In each treatment group, response criteria were met for 3 of 4 antigens including H1N1 and H3N2. A noninferior response was determined in the context of preceding treatment but not interrupted or concomitant treatment. Regarding PPV-23, approximately 90%–100% of participants exhibited a ≥2-fold increase in IgG concentrations vs baseline. Noninferior responder rates were determined for each siponimod treatment group.Conclusions:Siponimod treatment had no relevant effect on antibody response to PPV-23. European Medicines Agency response criteria were essentially met for influenza, but titers were lower on concomitant treatment. Overall, these data suggest that siponimod has limited effect on the efficacy of vaccinations with neoantigens.Classification of evidence:This study provides Class II evidence that in healthy persons, siponimod had limited effect on the immune response following influenza or pneumococcal vaccinations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…70%–90% for A-Cal and 50%–70% for A-Tex) than that for the B-antigens (10%–15% for B-Bri and 25%–50% for B-Mas), the latter antigens generally being perceived as less clinically relevant. 21 , 22 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of siponimod on vaccination response in a randomized, placebo-controlled study

Ufer

Shakeri‐Nejad

Gardin

et al. 2017

Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm

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“…1. While Fluzone was quadrivalent in all three years, with both lineages of influenza B (reviewed in refs 23 , 24 ), trivalent vaccines, composed of H1N1, H3N2 and one strain of influenza B, were produced by manufacturers of Flucelvax and Flublok in year 1, after which Flucelvax was quadrivalent in years 2 and 3. Flublok remained trivalent until year 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant HA-based vaccine outperforms split and subunit vaccines in elicitation of influenza-specific CD4 T cells and CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses in humans

et al. 2020

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Although traditional egg-based inactivated influenza vaccines can protect against infection, there have been significant efforts to develop improved formats to overcome disadvantages of this platform. Here, we have assessed human CD4 T cell responses to a traditional egg-based influenza vaccine with recently available cell-derived vaccines and recombinant baculovirus-derived vaccines. Adults were administered either egg-derived Fluzone ® , mammalian cell-derived Flucelvax ® or recombinant HA (Flublok ® ). CD4 T cell responses to each HA protein were assessed by cytokine EliSpot and intracellular staining assays. The specificity and magnitude of antibody responses were quantified by ELISA and HAI assays. By all criteria, Flublok vaccine exhibited superior performance in eliciting both CD4 T cell responses and HA-specific antibody responses, whether measured by mean response magnitude or percent of responders. Although the mechanism(s) underlying this advantage is not yet clear, it is likely that both qualitative and quantitative features of the vaccines impact the response.

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“…The quadrivalent influenza vaccine is likely to be more effective compared with the trivalent vaccine [39]. In seasons with relatively high influenza B activity, the quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-4) has appeared to be more protective than IIV-3 [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a number of different factors are influenced by the development and use of the quadrivalent vaccine in different countries. For instance, the quadrivalent vaccine is more expensive than the trivalent preparation [39], the limited production capacity may result in fewer doses of the quadrivalent vaccine compared with the trivalent vaccine [21] and there is a longer time of production for the quadrivalent preparation [15]. Obviously, matched vaccines provide the best protection; however, little is known about the protectivity of unmatched vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could trivalent LAIV protect against both genetic lineages of influenza B virus?

Kiseleva

Stepanova

Krutikova

et al. 2019

vacres

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Introduction: The global co-circulation of two influenza B virus genetic lineages known as B/Yamagata and B/Victoria may lead to a mismatch between the circulating virus and the strain recommended for use in influenza vaccines. Little is known about the protective efficacy of unmatched influenza B strains, especially when it comes to live attenuated influenza vaccine. The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate the viability of using live attenuated influenza vaccine developed on B/USSR/60/69 backbone to protect against heterologous influenza B challenge infection. Methods: To estimate the potential crossprotective activity of mono-and trivalent live attenuated vaccines based on B/Victoria or B/Yamagata genetic lineage virus against a heterological challenge, ferrets were given one dose of vaccine and then were challenged with influenza B virus. The ferrets were then monitored for clinical signs associated with influenza infection. Samples of the ferrets' airways were tested for the presence of the challenge virus. Results: Mono-and trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines were shown to be safe and cross-protective against genetically different influenza B viruses based on virological and histological data and clinical signs. A lower titer of heterologous challenge virus in the airways of the vaccinated ferrets compared to mock-vaccinated animals inoculated with the challenge virus was detected. Interestingly, B/Victoria-based vaccines were more cross-protective compared with B/Yamagata-based vaccines. Conclusion: In the case of mismatches of B component of the trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine and lineage of the circulating influenza B viruses, one of the options could be using trivalent preparation containing a B/Victoria lineage component.

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Evaluating the case for trivalent or quadrivalent influenza vaccines

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

Impact of siponimod on vaccination response in a randomized, placebo-controlled study

Impact of siponimod on vaccination response in a randomized, placebo-controlled study

Recombinant HA-based vaccine outperforms split and subunit vaccines in elicitation of influenza-specific CD4 T cells and CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses in humans

Could trivalent LAIV protect against both genetic lineages of influenza B virus?

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