“…As previously mentioned, it is challenging to determine whether an El's low scores on tests are the result of limited English proficiency, lack of familiarity with the testing process, inadequate norms, test bias, or an actual learning disability (Chu & Flores, 2011;ortiz et al 2011;Sandberg & reschly, 2011). moreover, it is also difficult to determine whether academic challenges are the result of a learning disability or other possible environmental factors, such as poor academic instruction, lack of language proficiency, lack of language instructional support, culture and acculturation, and/or lack of motivation (Gilbertson, maxfield, & hughes, 2007;mcCardle et al, 2005). In addition, it is challenging to distinguish between Els with lower levels of language proficiency and students with learning disabilities because the two groups can often share many of the same characteristics, such as poor comprehension, difficulty following directions, difficulty completing tasks, and a tendency to make grammatical errors (Chu & Flores, 2011;ortiz & maldonado-Colon, 1986;ortiz & yates, 2001;Sandberg & reschly, 2011).…”