“…Drawing only on studies included in Table S1 (Supplementary Material), we can say with confidence that summative self-assessment tends to be inconsistent with external judgements (Baxter and Norman, 2011;De Grez et al, 2012;Admiraal et al, 2015), with males tending to overrate and females to underrate (Nowell and Alston, 2007;Marks et al, 2018). There are exceptions (Alaoutinen, 2012;Lopez-Pastor et al, 2012) as well as mixed results, with students being consistent regarding some aspects of their learning but not others (Blanch-Hartigan, 2011; Harding and Hbaci, 2015;Nguyen and Foster, 2018). We can also say that older, more academically competent learners tend to be more consistent (Hacker et al, 2000;Lew et al, 2010;Alaoutinen, 2012;Guillory and Blankson, 2017;Butler, 2018;Nagel and Lindsey, 2018).…”