Evaluating Particulate Emissions from a Flexible Fuel Vehicle with Direct Injection when Operated on Ethanol and Iso-butanol Blends

Karavalakis, George; Short, Daniel; Chen, Vincent; Espinoza, Carlos; Berte, Tyler; Durbin, Thomas D.; Asa-Awuku, Akua; Jung, Heejung; Ntziachristos, Leónidas; Amanatidis, Stavros; Bergmann, Alexander

doi:10.4271/2014-01-2768

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Given that one of the purposes of this test point is to validate against other naturally aspirated engines, it is pleasing to see that these results agree closely with work in the literature [13,40,41].…”

Section: Rpm / 377 Bar Bmep (Test Point 2)supporting

confidence: 70%

The effect of oxygenate fuels on PN emissions from a highly boosted GDI engine

Leach

Stone

Richardson

et al. 2018

Fuel

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In this work, PN emissions from a highly boosted engine capable of running at up to 35 bar Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) have been measured from a baseline gasoline and three different oxygenate fuels (E20, E85, and GEM -a blend of gasoline, ethanol, and methanol) using a DMS500. The engine has been run at four different operating points, and a number of engine parameters relevant to highly-boosted engines (such as EGR, exhaust back pressure, and lambda) have been tested -the PN emissions and size distributions have been measured from all of these.The results show that the oxygenate content of the fuel has a very large impact on its PN emissions, with E85 giving low levels of PN emissions across the operating range, and GEM giving very low and extremely high levels of PN emissions depending on operating point. These results have been analysed and related back to key fuel properties.

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Section: Rpm / 377 Bar Bmep (Test Point 2)supporting

confidence: 70%

The effect of oxygenate fuels on PN emissions from a highly boosted GDI engine

Leach

Stone

Richardson

et al. 2018

Fuel

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“…This is in line with our previous study [5] where we observed similar PM mass emitted by E0 and E15 although different engine technology (GDI) was used. On the other hand, in the recent study [6], authors reported that ethanol rather reduced the mass of PM. Such inconsistency might be caused by many factors including differences among engine design, calibration, settings and operating conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Toxic responses in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to particulate matter exhaust emissions from gasoline and biogasoline

Závodná

Líbalová

Vrbová

et al. 2020

NANOCON Conference Proeedings

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Motor vehicle emissions substantially contribute to air pollution worldwide and cause serious health problems. While the deleterious effects of diesel exhaust particulate matter (PM) have been widely studied, much less attention is paid to toxicity of PM emitted by gasoline engines although they also produce considerable amount of PM. The primary objective of this research was to assess toxic potencies of exhaust PM released by conventional gasoline engine fueled with neat gasoline (E0) or gasoline-ethanol blend (15% ethanol, v/v, E15). Despite a similar particle mass (μg PM/kg fuel) produced by both fuels, PM emitted by E15 contained higher amount of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as suggested by chemical analysis. To examine the toxicity of organic PM constituents, human lung BEAS-2B cells were exposed for 4h and 24h to a subtoxic dose of E0 and E15 PM organic extracts. We used genome scale transcriptomic analysis to characterize the toxic response and to identify modulated biological process and pathways. Whereas 4h exposure to both PM extracts resulted in modulation of similar genes and pathways related to lipid and steroid metabolism, activation of PPARα, oxidative stress and immune response, 24h exposure was more specific for each extract; although both induced expression of PAH-metabolic enzymes, modulated metabolism of lipids or activated PPARα, E15 additionally deregulated variety of other pathways. Overall, the PM mass produced by both fuels was similar, however, higher PAH content in E15 PM organic extract may have contributed to more extensive toxic response particularly after 24h exposure in BEAS-2B cells.

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“…There are several publications which reported the increase of particulate emissions for ethanol blends [29][30][31][32]. It is suggested that by optimizing the combustion chamber and injection spray, it is possible that fuel impingement can be avoided or at least reduced so that ethanol blends lead to a benefit of reduced particulate emissions [33][34][35].…”

Section: Combustion Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of gasoline containing GTL naphtha in a spark ignition engine at full load conditions

Wang

Chahal

Janßen

et al. 2017

Fuel

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Gas-to-liquid (GTL) naphtha can be used as a gasoline blend component, and the challenge of its low octane rating is solved by using ethanol as an octane booster. However, currently there is little knowledge available about the performance of gasolines containing GTL naphtha in spark ignition engines. The objective of this work is to assess full load performance of gasoline fuels containing GTL naphtha in a modern spark ignition engine. In this study, four new gasoline fuels containing up to 23.5 vol.% GTL naphtha, and a standard EN228 gasoline fuel (reference fuel) were tested. These new gasoline fuels all had similar octane rating with that of the standard EN228 gasoline fuel. The experiments were conducted in an AVL single cylinder spark ignition research engine under full load conditions in the engine speed range of 1000-4500 rpm. Two modern engine configurations, a boosted direct injection (DI) and a port fuel injection (PFI), were used. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis was carried out to correlate experiment data with fuel properties. The results show that, at the full load operating conditions the combustion characteristics and emissions of those gasoline fuels containing GTL naphtha were comparable to those of the standard EN228 gasoline fuel. Volumetric fuel consumption of fuels with high GTL naphtha content was higher due to the need of adding more ethanol to offset the reduced octane rating caused by GTL naphtha. Results also indicate that, compared to the conventional compliant E228 gasoline fuel, lower particulate emissions were observed in gasoline fuels containing up to 15.4 vol.% GTL naphtha.

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Evaluating Particulate Emissions from a Flexible Fuel Vehicle with Direct Injection when Operated on Ethanol and Iso-butanol Blends

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

The effect of oxygenate fuels on PN emissions from a highly boosted GDI engine

The effect of oxygenate fuels on PN emissions from a highly boosted GDI engine

Toxic responses in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to particulate matter exhaust emissions from gasoline and biogasoline

Investigation of gasoline containing GTL naphtha in a spark ignition engine at full load conditions

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