“…How coevolution contributes to speciation and species radiation has been a recurrent study for some time, but little progress has been made [ 3 , 5 ]. This is due to the inherent complexity of biological systems [ 6 , 7 ] and our limited ability to obtain an adequate measure of the cost of antagonistic coevolution [ 8 , 9 ], the degree of parenthood, or the genotypic composition of the coevolving species [ 10 ]. For instance, in the case of host–pathogen coevolution, demonstrating the effect of adaptations not only requires a long-term record [ 4 , 11 ], but we also need to consider that it takes place within a more extensive ecological network of additional interacting species, which can influence the coevolutionary arms race between host and pathogen [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”