Evaluating frequency regulation operated on two stationary energy systems with batteries from electric vehicles

A Decision-Making Model for Retired Li-Ion Batteries

“…Considering the computational time of the model simulation and the most common commercial battery storage products in the market (listed in SI Table S3 ), the battery module capacity is set to be 3.3𝑘𝑊 ℎ for simulation, which can be approximated as a 14P14S connection, meaning that 14 cells connect in parallel first and then connect in series. Table 3 is the summary of the approximated cycling profiles of battery modules from the actual demand profiles of three use cases in Comello and Reichelstein, Sbordone, Bertini, Di Pietra, Falvo, Genovese and Martirano (2015), Bauer, Nguyen, Jossen and Lygeros (2018). The approximation methods of each case are introduced explicitly in the Appendix.…”

“…However, we must make several assumptions to approximate this demand profile for use as the input for our model. According to the analysis in Bauer et al (2018), most of the currents extracted from a BESS fall within the range of −10𝐴 to 10𝐴 for a battery pack with a capacity of 300𝐴ℎ. This range is much smaller than the minimum C-rate (𝐶∕5) observed in our experiment; therefore, we select 𝐶∕5 as the charge and discharge C-rate for our simulation.…”

“…In power systems, the frequency of the grid is affected by deviations between supply and demand Bauer et al (2018). An excess of generation results in an increase in frequency, while an excess of demand leads to a decrease in frequency.…”

“…The purpose of providing a frequency regulation service is to maintain balance between grid demand and supply by compensating for deviations from the nominal frequency. To simulate the battery demand profile for our model, we use the battery demand profile from Bauer et al (2018). However, we must make several assumptions to approximate this demand profile for use as the input for our model.…”

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Energy Storage Systems Built from EV Batteries – Prospective Revenues in Different Stationary Applications

“…Implemented in a BESS, they are capable to fulfil diverse applications. An overview and description of the most common applications for Li-ion-based BESS is given in [1]. Figure 1 summarises and schematically shows the possible stages of deployment for batteries.…”