Evaluating Driving Performance of Cognitively Impaired and Healthy Older Adults: A Pilot Study Comparing On‐Road Testing and Driving Simulation

Freund, Barbara; Gravenstein, Stefan; Ferris, Rebecca; Shaheen, Elias

doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50325.x

Cited by 67 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Behavior in the VE correlated moderately with self-reported risky driving behaviors. This finding matches results studying real and simulated driving performance among older adults (Freund et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2003) and suggests use of VE as a means to test risky driving is a valid and potentially useful alternative to self-report measures.…”

Section: Measurement Issuessupporting

confidence: 89%

Individual difference factors in risky driving: The roles of anger/hostility, conscientiousness, and sensation-seeking

Schwebel

Severson

Ball

et al. 2006

Accident Analysis & Prevention

249

112

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Section: Measurement Issuessupporting

confidence: 89%

Individual difference factors in risky driving: The roles of anger/hostility, conscientiousness, and sensation-seeking

Schwebel

Severson

Ball

et al. 2006

Accident Analysis & Prevention

249

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Moreover, committing hazardous or lethal errors on the driving simulator was strongly related to failing the on-road test (during which such errors would be corrected early by the copilot/tester). 70 These findings suggest that driving simulators may be a valid estimator of on-road abilities. Moreover, a recent retrospective study suggests that among older adults, performance on a PC-based driving simulator task was associated with self-reported history of accidents 71 ; it is hoped that these findings will be extended to individuals with dementia in the future.…”

Section: Driving Simulator Testingmentioning

confidence: 93%

Driving and Dementia: A Review of the Literature

Brown

Ott

2004

J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol

122

119

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The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the ability of individuals with dementia to drive an automobile. Based on a review of the literature, several factors were identified that may be useful in differentiating between people with dementia who presently remain safe drivers from those who have progressed to impaired driving. These factors include disease duration and severity, sex, patient self-assessment, family assessment, neuropsychological measures, findings on road evaluations, and driving simulator testing. The approach of the physician to driving and dementia is addressed, including in-office screening, referral for on-road driving assessments, and the potential for physician reporting to state agencies. Keywords dementia; driving; competence; impairmentWith the increasing age of the American population, the proportion of older drivers on the road is also rising. 1 Given that age is the most significant risk factor for developing dementia, it is apparent that large numbers of licensed drivers in North America are demented or are likely to become demented. Studies have shown that the driver with dementia is at increased risk to cause traffic accidents. [2][3][4][5] Friedland and coworkers found a 47% prevalence rate of crashes among 30 persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to 10% of 20 age-matched controls in a retrospective survey over 5 years. 6 Overall, there is probably a 2-to 8-fold greater risk of crashes for elderly drivers with mild to moderate dementia compared to those not demented. 7 A recent longitudinal study of drivers with dementia confirmed the decline of on-road driving abilities, particularly on aspects of the driving exam requiring more complex abilities such as awareness of driving environment and decision making. 8 Thus, among those who continue to drive, dementia is a well-recognized, age-related risk factor for hazardous driving. A number of editorials and review articles have addressed the issue of driving and dementia. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] There is evidence to suggest, however, that not all persons with dementia are incompetent drivers, particularly in the very early stages. [28][29][30][31][32] Given this evidence, it is particularly important to determine the most important cognitive or functional factors that contribute to driving impairment among those with dementia.

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“…Although a sizable literature supports the validity of automobile simulators (Freund, Gravenstein, Ferris, & Shaheen, 2002;Lee, Cameron, & Lee, 2003), our simulator was designed to address specific components of driver behavior (i.e., risktaking, distraction, and decision-making processes) at relatively low cost. It presented an abstract and not-fully-immersive environment.…”

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%