Evaluating Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep as an Intervention to Improve Memory Consolidation Deficits in Schizophrenia

Baxter, Bryan; Kwok, Kristi; Talbot, Christine; Zhu, Lin; Mylonas, Dimitrios; Stickgold, Robert; Manoach, Dara S.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.732

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Another intriguing line of research that has thus far primarily been implemented during the early consolidation phase of memory processing is the use of non-invasive stimulation techniques during sleep, such as targeted memory reactivation (TMR; Oudiette and Paller, 2013 ), closed- and open-loop auditory stimulation ( Weigenand et al, 2016 ; Baxter et al, 2020 ), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; Marshall et al, 2004 ; Zhang and Gruber, 2019 ). Generally, the goal of these techniques is to affect or enhance sleep in such a way that it will ultimately boost its effect on both emotional and non-emotional types of memory.…”

Section: Sleep Placement and Emotional Memory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…or by otherwise affecting the processing occurring during the sleep period may be another way to not only help us distinguish the impact of sleep on emotional memory processing, but also may help to reveal what elements of sleep play a primary role. As noted, the primary goal of some of these recent strategies — such as closed/open-loop auditory stimulation ( Weigenand et al, 2016 ; Baxter et al, 2020 ) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; Marshall et al, 2004 ; Zhang and Gruber, 2019 ) — is simply to affect the sleep architecture to enhance or suppress certain elements of sleep. As we make suggestions for different study designs geared toward isolating the effects of sleep on the different stages of emotional processing, it is certainly worth consideration of how these techniques might also be implemented within each protocol to further our understanding of sleep’s effect.…”

Section: Sleep Placement and Emotional Memory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the effects of sleep and sleep loss on the different stages of episodic emotional memory: A narrative review and guide to the future

Cunningham

Stickgold

Kensinger

2022

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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For two decades, sleep has been touted as one of the primary drivers for the encoding, consolidation, retention, and retrieval of episodic emotional memory. Recently, however, sleep’s role in emotional memory processing has received renewed scrutiny as meta-analyses and reviews have indicated that sleep may only contribute a small effect that hinges on the content or context of the learning and retrieval episodes. On the one hand, the strong perception of sleep’s importance in maintaining memory for emotional events may have been exacerbated by publication bias phenomena, such as the “winner’s curse” and “file drawer problem.” On the other hand, it is plausible that there are sets of circumstances that lead to consistent and reliable effects of sleep on emotional memory; these circumstances may depend on factors such as the placement and quality of sleep relative to the emotional experience, the content and context of the emotional experience, and the probes and strategies used to assess memory at retrieval. Here, we review the literature on how sleep (and sleep loss) influences each stage of emotional episodic memory. Specifically, we have separated previous work based on the placement of sleep and sleep loss in relation to the different stages of emotional memory processing: (1) prior to encoding, (2) immediately following encoding during early consolidation, (3) during extended consolidation, separated from initial learning, (4) just prior to retrieval, and (5) post-retrieval as memories may be restructured and reconsolidated. The goals of this review are three-fold: (1) examine phases of emotional memory that sleep may influence to a greater or lesser degree, (2) explicitly identify problematic overlaps in traditional sleep–wake study designs that are preventing the ability to better disentangle the potential role of sleep in the different stages of emotional memory processing, and (3) highlight areas for future research by identifying the stages of emotional memory processing in which the effect of sleep and sleep loss remains under-investigated. Here, we begin the task of better understanding the contexts and factors that influence the relationship between sleep and emotional memory processing and aim to be a valuable resource to facilitate hypothesis generation and promote important future research.

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