“…One of the deficiencies is that previous DEA models ignore proportionality of benchmarks and inefficient DMUs and they present idealistic improvement solutions (Yousefi, Shabanpour, Farzipoor Saen, & Faramarzi, 2014;Yousefi, Shabanpour, Fisher, & Farzipoor Saen, 2016). In fact, these models project the improvement path regardless of proportion between benchmark and inefficient DMUs (Qingyuan, Jie, & Malin, 2018;Rashidi, Shabani, & Farzipoor Saen, 2015;Shokri Kahi, Yousefi, Shabanpour, & Farzipoor Saen, 2017;Zhou, Guo, Wu, & Yu, 2018). To resolve this deficiency, Yousefi, Shabanpour, and Farzipoor Saen (2015) presented an improvement solution by incorporating goal programming into DEA.…”