Life history theory predicts that maternal fitness is maximized by the reproductive strategy, which results in the greatest number of offspring surviving to maturity, and subsequently producing large numbers of viable offspring themselves (Roff, 1992;Stearns, 1992).Variation in offspring quality may be influenced by parents through a myriad of pathways including the selection of safe and nutritious oviposition or birth sites, incubation behavior, food provisioning, defense of young, and investment in offspring size (Krist, 2011;