“…The "guessing floor" is the bane of selection-response testing with low achievers. About half of all studies followed Guthrie's (1973) recommendation for two distractors, one of the same part of speech and a second that is inappropriate semantically and syntactically (e.g., Bean 8c Brandt, 1981;Bradley et al, 1978;Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, & Ferguson, 1990;Jenkins & Jewell, 1990;Pikulski 8c Pikulski, 1977). Fewer studies used three distractors, following the lead of Guthrie's contemporary, Cranney (1972-73) (Hinofotis 8c Snow, 1977;Kaczmarek, 1980;Paige, 1977).…”