Evaluate HAA removal in biologically active carbon filters using the ICR database

Abstract

The effects of biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration on haloacetic acid (HAA) levels in plant effluents and distribution systems were investigated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Information Collection Rule (ICR) database. The results showed that average HAA5 concentrations in all locations were 20.4 μg$L -1 and 29.6 μg$L -1 in ICR plants with granular activated carbon (GAC) and ICR plants without GAC process, respectively. For plants without GAC, the highest HAA levels were observed in the quarters of