Evaluación de impacto ambiental mediante la introducción de indicadores a un modelo BIM de vivienda social

Abstract

Building Information Modeling (BIM) constituye una herramienta versátil para analizar el ciclo de vida de los edificios y el uso eficiente de los recursos, reducción, reuso y reciclado de residuos de construcción y demolición hacia un parque edilicio sin carbono para 2020 en Europa. Este trabajo propone una nueva metodología para incorporar indicadores: energía incorporada, emisiones de CO2, residuos de construcción y demolición además de sólidos urbanos, en modelos BIM que evalúan el impacto ambiental siguiendo la estructura de la Base de Costes de la Construcción de Andalucía (BCCA). Se eligió un bloque de vivienda social en Sevilla, como caso de estudio, para focalizarse en el análisis de su estructura de hormigón armado debido a su alto impacto.Los resultados agrupados por tarea e indicador muestran el rol preponderante del hormigón. Por el contrario, el acero demuestra ser menos energo-consumidor, generando menos emisiones y permitiendo reducir los residuos mediante reciclaje. Según la discriminación por tareas, se destaca el bajo impacto de las fundaciones frente a la superestructura resistente. Asimismo, cada metro cuadrado de construcción típica genera 76.11 de residuo de construcción y demolición, siendo 76,11 kg mixto proveniente del hormigón y 0,34 kg, del acero. Palabras clave Energía incorporada, emisiones de CO2, residuos de demolición y construcción, diseño por ordenador ABSTRACT Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a versatile tool to analyze the building life cycle and to achieve the efficient use of natural resources and the reduction, reuse and recycling of construction and demolition waste towards the goal of a decarbonized building stock for 2020 in Europe. This research proposes a new methodology to introduce embodied energy (EE), carbon emissions (CE), construction and demolition waste (CDW), and urban solid waste (USW) indicators into BIM models that assess environmental impact following the structure of the Andalusian Construction Cost Database (ACCD). A block of social housing was chosen as a case study in order to focus on the analysis of its reinforced concrete structure due to its high impact. The results, grouped by task and indicator, show the dominant role that concrete plays in environmental impact. In contrast, steel proved to consume less energy and generate fewer CE as well. Moreover, steel may be recycled, while reducing the quantity of waste. When analyzed by task, the foundations cause much less impact than the tough superstructure. Likewise, each square meter of the typical housing block generates 76.11kg of CDW, with 76.77 kg of mixed concrete waste and 0.34 kg of steel waste.

BIM-LCA Integration for the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Urbanization Process

“…Lützkendorf et al [85] found that BIM could determine the amount of materials and cost estimation, which can be helpful for the environmental assessment. Mercader-Moyano et al [89] applied a different strategy by combining costs with the environmental assessment using BIM to define the composition of work units in the case of a reinforced concrete structure. The amount and section of the reinforcement bars was then represented in the BIM elements, and their environmental assessment was calculated.…”

“…This was already done by Abanda et al [86], who developed a specific application to link BIM models with the New Measurement Rules (NMR) in the UK standard for public procurement [87] by using the Bath Inventory of Carbon and Energy (Bath ICE) [88]. Also, Mercader-Moyano et al [89] applied an environmental impact assessment to a BIM environment by using a construction cost database for the quantity take-off.…”

Comprehensive Sustainability Assessment of Regenerative Actions on the Thermal Envelope of Obsolete Buildings under Climate Change Perspective

“…Following these premises, the different scenarios are justified, the origin of the data, their traceability are defined, and the calculation method to be used is recognized. The different aggregated data for embodied carbon will be integrated into a quantification model through shared parameters (In Building Information Modeling), in line with what was proposed by Mercader Moyano for the determination of the EE (Embodied Energy) of the existing construction solutions in social housing [51]. Subsequently, the results obtained through the said tool will be analyzed from an LCA perspective.…”

A methodological approach to evaluate structural building projects through the Environmental Economic Index

“…The BIM methodology was used with the LCC of sustainable building components. Mercader et al (2019) analyzed a set of dwellings in Spain built in reinforced concrete, including indicators of embodied energy, CO 2 emissions, construction waste, demolition, urban solid waste, and construction costs. Software REVIT, Presto, Medit, and the Andalusian Construction Cost Base (ACCD) integrated with BIM methodology.…”