Euthanasia and Necropsy

Gagea-Iurascu, Mihai; Craig, Suzanne

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00004-3

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…As stated previously, CO 2 asphyxiation, followed by cervical dislocation, were used to euthanize animals [ 78 , 79 ]. Body weight and non-fasting blood glucose measurements were taken at the time of euthanasia, followed by removal of the thoracic aorta ( Supplementary Table S1 ; ) [ 80 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracrine Signals in Calcified Conditioned Media Elicited Differential Responses in Primary Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and in Adventitial Fibroblasts

Kennon

Stewart

2023

IJMS

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Our goal was to determine if paracrine signals from different aortic layers can impact other cell types in the diabetic microenvironment, specifically medial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and adventitial fibroblasts (AFBs). The diabetic hyperglycemic aorta undergoes mineral dysregulation, causing cells to be more responsive to chemical messengers eliciting vascular calcification. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)/AGE receptors (RAGEs) signaling has been implicated in diabetes-mediated vascular calcification. To elucidate responses shared between cell types, pre-conditioned calcified media from diabetic and non-diabetic VSMCs and AFBs were collected to treat cultured murine diabetic, non-diabetic, diabetic RAGE knockout (RKO), and non-diabetic RKO VSMCs and AFBs. Calcium assays, western blots, and semi-quantitative cytokine/chemokine profile kits were used to determine signaling responses. VSMCs responded to non-diabetic more than diabetic AFB calcified pre-conditioned media. AFB calcification was not significantly altered when VSMC pre-conditioned media was used. No significant changes in VSMCs signaling markers due to treatments were reported; however, genotypic differences existed. Losses in AFB α-smooth muscle actin were observed with diabetic pre-conditioned VSMC media treatment. Superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) increased with non-diabetic calcified + AGE pre-conditioned VSMC media, while same treatment decreased diabetic AFBs levels. Overall, non-diabetic and diabetic pre-conditioned media elicited different responses from VSMCs and AFBs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracrine Signals in Calcified Conditioned Media Elicited Differential Responses in Primary Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and in Adventitial Fibroblasts

Kennon

Stewart

2023

IJMS

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“…It is considered to induce rapid unconsciousness due to concussion and damage to the brain and/or cerebral ischemia. 49 – 52 Typically, in rodents, it involves placing the finger (manual) or an instrument (mechanical) behind the base of the skull whilst pulling the tail firmly to achieve rapid separation of the high cervical vertebrae. As a physical method it is often considered aesthetically unpleasant, 47 but it remains a common choice due to several advantages, including absence of toxicity associated with the administration of chemical compounds affecting scientific outcomes, rapid application and a lack of requirement for specialist equipment.…”

Section: Cervical Dislocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of methods used to kill laboratory rodents: issues and opportunities

2022

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Rodents are the most widely used species for scientific purposes. A critical pre-requisite of their use, based on utilitarian ethical reasoning, is the provision of a humane death when necessary for scientific or welfare grounds. Focussing on the welfare challenges presented by current methods, we critically evaluate the literature, consider emerging methodologies that may have potential for refinement and highlight knowledge gaps for future research. The evidence supports the conclusion that scientists and laboratory personnel should seek to avoid killing laboratory rodents by exposing them to carbon dioxide (CO2), unless exploiting its high-throughput advantage. We suggest that stakeholders and policymakers should advocate for the removal of CO2 from existing guidelines, instead making its use conditionally acceptable with justification for additional rationale for its application. With regards to physical methods such as cervical dislocation, decapitation and concussion, major welfare concerns are based on potential inaccuracy in application and their susceptibility to high failure rates. There is a need for independent quality-controlled training programmes to facilitate optimal success rates and the development of specialist tools to improve outcomes and reliability. Furthermore, we highlight questions surrounding the inconsistent inclusion criteria and acceptability of physical methods in international regulation and/or guidance, demonstrating a lack of cohesion across countries and lack of a comprehensive ‘gold standard’ methodology. We encourage better review of new data and championing of open access scientific resources to advocate for best practice and enable significant changes to policy and legislation to improve the welfare of laboratory rodents at killing.

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“…15 Some protocols require personnel to perform cervical dislocation on mice who have already been rendered unconscious or dead by CO 2 . 16 This procedure involves securing the base of a rodent’s skull with hands or a rod, then quickly pulling the base of the tail or the hind limbs, separating the cervical vertebrae from the skull. 15…”

Section: Welfare Impact Of Harming Animals In Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal researchers shoulder a psychological burden that animal ethics committees ought to address

King

Zohny

2021

J Med Ethics

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Animal ethics committees (AECs) typically focus on the welfare of animals used in experiments, neglecting the potential welfare impact of that animal use on the animal laboratory personnel. Some of this work, particularly the killing of animals, can impose significant psychological burdens that can diminish the well-being of laboratory animal personnel, as well as their capacity to care for animals. We propose that AECs, which regulate animal research in part on the basis of reducing harm, can and ought to require that these harms to researchers are reduced as well. The paper starts by presenting evidence of these burdens and their harm, giving some examples showing how they may be mitigated. We then argue that AECs are well placed to account for these harms to personnel and ought to use their power to reduce their occurrence. We conclude by responding to four potential objections: (1) that this problem should be addressed through health and safety administration, not research ethics administration; (2) that the proposal is unjustifiably paternalistic; (3) that these harms to laboratory animal personnel ought to occur, given their treatment of animals; and (4) that mitigating them may lead to worse treatment of research animals.

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Euthanasia and Necropsy

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

Paracrine Signals in Calcified Conditioned Media Elicited Differential Responses in Primary Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and in Adventitial Fibroblasts

Paracrine Signals in Calcified Conditioned Media Elicited Differential Responses in Primary Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and in Adventitial Fibroblasts

A review of methods used to kill laboratory rodents: issues and opportunities

Animal researchers shoulder a psychological burden that animal ethics committees ought to address

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