European mushroom assemblages are darker in cold climates

Krah, Franz‐Sebastian; Büntgen, Ulf; Schaefer, Hanno; Müller, Jörg; Andrew, Carrie; Boddy, Lynne; Diez, Jeffrey M.; Egli, Simon; Freckleton, Robert P.; Gange, Alan C.; Halvorsen, Rune; Heegaard, Einar; Heideroth, Antje; Heibl, Christoph; Heilmann‐Clausen, Jacob; Høiland, Klaus; Kar, Ritwika; Kauserud, Håvard; Kirk, Paul M.; Kuyper, Thomas W.; Krisai‐Greilhuber, Irmgard; Nordén, Jenni; Papastefanou, Phillip; Senn-Irlet, Béatrice; Bässler, Claus

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10767-z

Cited by 43 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…By definition, pigments can absorb some fraction of the EM radiation spectrum and lead to temperature increase. Similar to many poikilotherms, fungi also appear to use pigments to increase heat capture from electromagnetic radiation [21,22]. This process of pigment-mediated thermoregulation influences the geographical distribution and thermal adaptation of organisms to changes in climate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi are colder than their surroundings

Cordero

Mattoon

Casadevall

2020

Preprint

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Fungi play essential roles in global ecology and economy, but their thermal biology is widely unknown. Infrared imaging revealed that mushrooms, yeasts, and molds each maintained colder temperatures than their surroundings. Fungal specimens are to be ~2.5 °C colder than the surrounding temperature. Time-lapse infrared images of Pleurotus ostreatus revealed hypothermia throughout mushroom growth and after detachment from mycelium. The hymenium was coldest, and different areas of the mushroom exhibit distinct thermal changes during heating and cooling. The fruiting area in the mycelium remained relatively cold following mushroom detachment. Analyses of Agaricus bisporus mushroom pilei confirmed that the mechanism for mushroom hypothermia depends on evaporative cooling. We also assessed evaporative cooling in biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans, and Penicillium spp. molds based on the accumulation of condensed water droplets on the lids over biofilms grown on agar media plates. Biofilms of C. neoformans acapsular mutant showed more transpiration and were colder than wildtype. Penicillium biofilms appear to transpire ten times more than the supporting agar. We used the evaporative cooling capacity of mushrooms to construct a mushroom-based air-cooling system (MycoCooler™) capable of passively reducing the temperature of a closed compartment by approximately 10 °C in 25 minutes. This study suggests that hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom. Since fungi make up ~2% of Earth biomass, their ability to dissipate heat may contribute significantly to planetary temperatures in local environments. These findings are relevant to the current global warming crisis and suggest that large-scale myco-cultures could help mitigate increasing planetary temperature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi are colder than their surroundings

Cordero

Mattoon

Casadevall

2020

Preprint

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“…In general, arthropods as poikilotherm organisms are sensitive to climate (Müller et al 2015). Nevertheless, recent research supports a temperature sensitivity also for wood-inhabiting fungi (Krah et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary determinants of communities in deadwood vary among taxa but are regionally consistent

Müller

Ulyshen

Seibold

et al. 2020

Oikos

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The evolutionary split between gymnosperms and angiosperms has far-reaching implications for the current communities colonizing trees. The inherent characteristics of dead wood include its role as a spatially scattered habitat of plant tissue, transient in time. Thus, local assemblages in deadwood forming a food web in a necrobiome should be affected not only by dispersal ability but also by host tree identity, the decay stage and local abiotic conditions. However, experiments simultaneously manipulating these potential community drivers in deadwood are lacking. To disentangle the importance of spatial distance and microclimate, as well as host identity and decay stage as drivers of local assemblages, we conducted two consecutive experiments, a 2-tree species and 6-tree species experiment with 80 and 72 tree logs, respectively, located in canopy openings and under closed canopies of a montane and a lowland forest. We sampled saproxylic beetles, spiders, fungi and bacterial assemblages from logs. Variation partitioning for community metrics based on a unified framework of Hill numbers showed consistent results for both studies: host identity was most important for sporocarp-detected fungal assemblages, decay stage and host tree for DNAdetected fungal assemblages, microclimate and decay stage for beetles and spiders and decay stage for bacteria. Spatial distance was of minor importance for most taxa but showed the strongest effects for arthropods. The contrasting patterns among the taxa highlight the need for multi-taxon analyses in identifying the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of community composition. Moreover, the consistent finding of microclimate as the primary driver for saproxylic beetles compared to host identity shows, for the first time that existing evolutionary host adaptions can be outcompeted by local climate conditions in deadwood.

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“…This suggests pigmentation provides an adaptive advantage for these microorganisms at higher latitudes by increasing heat capture. Similarly, a survey of~3000 European macrofungal assemblages showed mushrooms were more darkly colored in colder climates (Krah et al 2019). Mean temperature and in some cases, seasonality, were identified as drivers of mushroom coloration, and increased reproductive success was suggested as a potential advantage of darker pigmentation in colder climates.…”

Section: Organismal Macroecological Rulesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Do microorganisms obey macroecological rules?

Dickey

Swenie

Turner

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Understanding the factors controlling the relative abundance, distribution, and diversity of organisms is a fundamental challenge in ecology. For plants and animals, macroecological rules have been developed that describe these large-scale distributional patterns and attempt to explain the underlying physiological and ecological processes behind them. Similarly, microorganisms exhibit patterns in relative abundance, distribution, and diversity across space and time, yet it remains unclear the extent to which microorganisms follow macroecological rules initially developed for macroorganisms. With rapid advancements in sequencing technology, we have seen a recent increase in microbial studies that utilize macroecological frameworks. Here we review and synthesize these macroecological microbial studies with two main objectives: (1) to determine to what extent macroecological rules explain the distribution of host-associated and free-living microorganisms, and (2) to understand which environmental factors and stochastic processes may explain these patterns among microbial clades (archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists) and habitats (host-associated and free living; terrestrial and aquatic). Our review is the first, to our knowledge, that examines whether or not the same environmental drivers contribute to similar trends to macroecological studies when rules are upheld for microorganisms. Further, we outline several outstanding questions and recommendations for future studies in microbial ecology.

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European mushroom assemblages are darker in cold climates

Cited by 43 publications

References 72 publications

Fungi are colder than their surroundings

Fungi are colder than their surroundings

Primary determinants of communities in deadwood vary among taxa but are regionally consistent

Do microorganisms obey macroecological rules?

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