European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: third version (2003)

Boyle, Peter; Autier, Philippe; Bartelink, Harry; Baselga, J.; Boffetta, Paolo; Burn, John; Burns, H. J. G.; Christensen, Lars Porskjær; Denis, L.; Dicato, M; Diehl, Volker; Doll, Richard; Franceschi, Silvia; Gillis, Charles R.; Gray, Nigel; Griciūte, Liudvika Laima; Hackshaw, Allan; Kásler, Miklós; Kogevinas, Manolis; Kvinnsland, Stener; Vecchia, Carlo La; Levi, Fabio; McVie, J.G.; Maisonneuve, Patrick; Martín-Moreno, José M.; Newton-Bishop, Julia; Oleari, Fabrizio; Perrin, Paul B.; Quinn, Mike; Richards, Mike; Ringborg, Ulrik; Scully, Crispian; Siracká, E; Storm, Hans H.; Tubiana, M; Tursz, T; Veronesi, Umberto; Wald, NJ; Weber, W.; Заридзе, Давид; Zatoński, Witold; Hausen, H. zur

doi:10.1093/annonc/mdg305

Cited by 265 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…stop smoking and increase physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. 5 Proportions of avoidable cancer can be estimated by several methods. [6][7][8][9] Using data on prevalence of risk factors, it was estimated that 25% of cancer incidence in the Nordic countries could be avoided through complete elimination of known risk factors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess of cancers in Europe: A study of eleven major cancers amenable to lifestyle change

Soerjomataram

Vries

Pukkala

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Worldwide an estimated 11 million cancer cases were diagnosed in 2002, one quarter being in Europe. We estimated the potential in avoidable numbers and proportions of 11 cancers amenable to prevention (cancers of the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, colorectal, pancreas, laryngeal, lung, female breast, endometrium, kidney and bladder) in 28 European countries. We assumed that the aggregated rate of 3 countries with lowest incidence to be attainable throughout Europe. The difference between the age-and gender-specific national cancer incidence rates and the lowest rate observed in 2002 was determined and defined as ''avoidable.'' Of the 1.4 million adult cases of selected cancers and countries within our study, 363,000 (59%) cancers in males and 326,000 (45%) cancers in females were hypothetically avoidable. Among men, the proportion was largest in Hungary (77%) and among women, in Belgium (54%). Assuming that differences in cancer incidence are not attributable to genetic susceptibility or diagnostic activity, about 50% of all cases of these 11 cancers could be potentially avoided, especially by decreased smoking among men. Interventions directed at reducing smoking, obesity and alcohol use as well as increasing physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake are necessary to attain lower incidence rates. It is important to recognize that the actual preventable cancer by eliminating currently known risk factors is somewhat less than we have estimated. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess of cancers in Europe: A study of eleven major cancers amenable to lifestyle change

Soerjomataram

Vries

Pukkala

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Furthermore it is also an essential factor in the development of esophageal, laryngeal and oral cancer, as about 80 to 90% of the cases are caused by smoking or by the combination of smoking and drinking. Around 25 to 30 % of all cancer cases are related to smoking [3][4] . Spain is one of the European countries where the prevalence of smoking is higher.…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, in the 2006 survey the group with a higher prevalence for smoking was men from underprivileged groups, and followed by women from underprivileged groups. 7 According to the European Code [3][4] , it has been proven that the biggest impact on the modification of smoking can be obtained when acting on social aspects rather than on individuals: forbidding all kind of direct and indirect advertising, banning smoking in public or closed places, placing effective warning labels on the packets, controlling the maximum nicotine and tar content of cigarettes, along with other measures for informing and discouraging smoking.…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alcohol consumption has been related to an increased risk of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, liver, colorectal and breast cancer 3,4,8 . Alcohol use is also related to the risk of primary liver cancer, probably because of the development of hepatic cirrhosis.…”

Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A summary of the main points of the European Code Against Cancer, and the scientific evidence that supports them can be found in this publication [3][4] . The guidelines are compiled in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidencias sobre la prevención del cáncer

Salas

Peiró

2013

Rev. esp. sanid. penit.

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Cancer is one of the main health problems. It includes a set of diseases with multi-causal origins. The tumours with the greatest impact on the health of men are lung, prostate and colorectal cancers, while for women they are breast and colorectal tumours.The best strategies for preventing cancer are ones based on primary prevention and early diagnosis. It is estimated that about to 80-90% of cancers are preventable.As regards primary prevention, there is considerable evidence to suggest that not smoking, regular physical exercise and a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, along with the control of some environmental and occupational risk factors can reduce the incidence of cancer. The early diagnosis of breast, colorectal and cervical cancer is recommended for some groups of the population in a context of organised programs with adequate quality guarantees.

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Addictive Disorders in Malignant Diseases

Guzzo

Gonzalgo²

2010

Addictive Disorders in Medical Populations

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European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: third version (2003)

Cited by 265 publications

References 32 publications

Excess of cancers in Europe: A study of eleven major cancers amenable to lifestyle change

Excess of cancers in Europe: A study of eleven major cancers amenable to lifestyle change

Evidencias sobre la prevención del cáncer

Addictive Disorders in Malignant Diseases

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