European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Alcohol drinking and cancer

Scoccianti, Chiara; Cecchini, Michele; Anderson, Annie S.; Berrino, Franco; Boutron-Ruault, Marie Christine; Espina, Carolina; Key, Timothy J.; Leitzmann, Michael F.; Norat, Teresa; Powers, Hilary J.; Wiseman, Martin; Romieu, Isabelle

doi:10.1016/j.canep.2015.01.007

Cited by 107 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Diet (including alcohol) [54,55] and physical inactivity [56] are both directly implicated in the aetiology of cancer, as well as being indirect contributors via their impact on energy balance and contribution to weight gain. It is useful, however, to consider the relative contribution of each factor.…”

Section: The Importance Of Obesity In Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Obesity, body fatness and cancer

Anderson

Key

Norat

et al. 2015

Cancer Epidemiology

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125

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It is estimated that over half the population of the European Union (EU) is overweight or obese due to an imbalance between energy expenditure and energy intake; this is related to an obesogenic environment of sociocultural, economic and marketing challenges to the control of body weight. Excess body fat is associated with nine cancer sites - oesophagus, colorectum, gall bladder, pancreas, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, ovary, kidney and prostate (advanced) - and 4-38% of these cancers (depending on site and gender) can be attributed to overweight/obesity status. Metabolic alterations which accompany excess body weight are accompanied by increased levels of inflammation, insulin, oestrogens and other hormonal factors. There are some indications that intentional weight loss is associated with reduced cancer incidence (notably in postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancers). Excess body weight is also a risk factor for several other diseases, including diabetes and heart disease, and is related to higher risk of premature death. In reviewing the current evidence related to excess body fat and cancer, the European Code against Cancer Nutrition Working Group has developed the following recommendation: 'Take action to be a healthy body weight'.

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Section: The Importance Of Obesity In Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Obesity, body fatness and cancer

Anderson

Key

Norat

et al. 2015

Cancer Epidemiology

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125

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“…Mechanistic research suggests that alcohol consumption and PA may be linked to chronic disease through shared pathways but acting in the opposing direction. For example, the biological pathways through which alcohol is thought to induce carcinogenesis4 6 24 are similar to those by which PA may prevent cancer 25–27…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does physical activity moderate the association between alcohol drinking and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular diseases mortality? A pooled analysis of eight British population cohorts

et al. 2016

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The objective of this study was to investigate associations between leisure-time physical activity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and mortality. Self-reported leisure-time physical activity, HDL-C concentration, and mortality were assessed in 37,059 adults in Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey. Meeting physical activity guidelines was defined as C150 min wk-1 of moderate-intensity activity, C75 min wk-1 of vigorous-intensity activity, or equivalent combinations. Low HDL-C was defined as \1.03 mmol L-1. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, longstanding illness, and socioeconomic status. There were 2250 deaths during 326,016 person-years of follow-up. Compared with those who met physical activity guidelines and whose HDL-C was normal (refer-ence group), all-cause mortality risk was not elevated in those who met physical activity guidelines and whose HDL-C concentration was low (hazard ratio: 1.07; 95% confidence interval: 0.75, 1.53). Compared with the reference group, all-cause mortality risk was elevated in those who did not meet physical activity guidelines and whose HDL-C was normal (1.37; 1.16, 1.61), and in those who did not meet physical activity guidelines and whose HDL-C was low (1.65; 1.37, 1.98). Cardiovascular disease mortality hazard ratios were similar, although confidence intervals were wider. There was no statistically significant evidence of biological interaction between physical inactivity and low HDL-C. This novel study supports the notion that leisure-time physical activity be recommended in those with low HDL-C concentration who may be resistant to the HDL-raising effect of exercise training.

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“…The risk of cancer increases depending on alcohol dose in combination with biological mechanisms, where ethanol and its genotoxide metabolism and acetaldehyde play an important role [30]. When consuming 10g of ethanol daily the risk of breast cancer increases by 8% in the postmenopausal period, by 9% before menopause and by 10% in general [31]. It is suggested that there are 3 mechanisms that explain alcohol influence on the development of mammary gland cancer: impact on the level of estrogens, estrogen receptors and development of alcohol metabolism by-products [32,33].…”

Section: Diet In 2007 World Cancer Research Fund / Americanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer

Kolak¹,

Kamińska²,

Sygit

et al. 2017

Ann Agric Environ Med.

204

125

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Introduction. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the second cancer frequently occurring worldwide of newly-diagnosed cancers. There is much evidence showing the influence of life style and environmental factors on the development of mammary gland cancer (high-fat diet, alcohol consumption, lack of physical exercise), the elimination of which (primary prevention) may contribute to a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Secondary prevention, comprising diagnostic tests (e.g. mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, breast self-examination, as well as modern and more precise imaging methods) help the early detection of tumours or lesions predisposing to tumours. Objective. The aim of this study paper is to review current knowledge and reports regarding primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. State of knowledge. It is estimated that nearly 70% of malign tumours are caused by environmental factors, whereas in breast cancer this percentage reaches 90-95%. There are national programmes established in many countries to fight cancer, where both types of prevention are stressed as serving to decrease morbidity and mortality due to cancers. Conclusions. Cancer prevention is currently playing a key role in the fight against the disease. Behaviour modification, as well as greater awareness among women regarding breast cancer, may significantly contribute towards reducing the incidence of this cancer. Another important aspect is the number of women undergoing diagnostic tests, which still remains at an unsatisfactory level.

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European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Alcohol drinking and cancer

Cited by 107 publications

References 75 publications

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Obesity, body fatness and cancer

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Obesity, body fatness and cancer

Does physical activity moderate the association between alcohol drinking and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular diseases mortality? A pooled analysis of eight British population cohorts

Primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer

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