European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) rotation in the Carpathians—A developmental cycle or a linear trend induced by man?

Vrška, Tomáš; Adam, Dušan; Hort, Libor; Kolář, Tomáš; Janík, David

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.007

Cited by 130 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Regarding site conditions, conifers are for example more susceptible to competition from ground vegetation than broadleaves and are therefore more successful in the regeneration on rockier sites or acidic soils and on CWD with less abundant ground flora [16]. Besides the natural drivers of stand composition in old-growth forests, the influence of indirect anthropogenic factors may also be strong [3,7,33,70]. Air pollution, over-browsing and position within the agricultural landscape may change natural processes [71].…”

Section: Historical Evidence and Possible Causes Of Beech Progressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Keren

Motta

Govedar

et al. 2014

Forests

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Regression of conifers in European mixed old-growth mountain forests has been observed for a long period and studied from different aspects. Old-growth (OG) forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have not experienced heavy air pollution and chronic overbrowsing that have affected many other European OG forests, while climatic and anthropogenic disturbances have been well documented. We analysed stand structure in the Janj OG forest, compared it with inventories of Lom and Perucica OG forests (BiH) and with earlier inventories of the same reserves. At present, OG forest Janj is characterized by a high growing stock (1215 m ). This is due to good site quality, prevalence of conifers (84%) and dominant endogenous processes in recent decades. In all three OG forests, indicators of structural change exhibited progression of European beech over time. Historical evidence revealed the occurrence of warm summers and droughts followed by OPEN ACCESSForests 2014, 5 1244 bark beetle outbreaks in the 1920s, 1940s and early 1950s, which in turn influenced a marked conifer decline. It seems likely that repeated canopy opening released waves of European beech regeneration. These stand structural changes have delayed the rejuvenation of conifers and can help explain the early observations of conifer decline.

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Section: Historical Evidence and Possible Causes Of Beech Progressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…than today and unregulated management that included felling of individual trees for fuel wood or construction on site, forest grazing and charcoal burning was common [7,9,15,32,33]. On the other hand, in the forest matrix surrounding old-growth forests, conifers were favoured for economic reasons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Keren

Motta

Govedar

et al. 2014

Forests

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“…The dynamics of natural forests could not continually take place without rather pronounced anthropogenic and biogenic disturbances (Vrška et al 2009). Nevertheless, disturbances caused by climate extremes, air pollution, bark beetles, windstorms or fires do not avoid natural forests (Borůvka et al 2005;Zielonka et al 2010;Král et al 2015;Bošela et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…63 (2017) 23-34 Brought to you by | MIT Libraries Authenticated Download Date | 5/10/18 9:47 PM 2015), that it leads to disproportionate damage by browsing in stands, especially in terms of a natural regeneration failure. The development of near-natural mixed sprucefir-beech forests may however take place only without any stronger anthropogenic disturbances (Vrška et al 2009). Research on the structure and development of mixed forests in the Orlické hory Mts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and dynamics of spruce-beech-fir forests in Nature Reserves of the Orlické hory Mts. in relation to ungulate game

Vacek

2017

Central European Forestry Journal

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Knowledge of the structure and dynamics of near-natural mixed forests is a key factor for ecologically oriented management of forest ecosystems. The development of these model forests mostly takes place continually without any pronounced disturbances. Natural regeneration can be locally limited by ungulate browsing. The paper was focused on the structure and development of forest stands with emphasis on natural regeneration in relation to ungulates in Černý důl Nature Reserve and Trčkov National Nature Reserve situated in the Orlické hory Mts., Czech Republic. The case study was conducted in a spruce-beech-fir forest stand on four permanent research plots (PRP) of 0.25 ha in size. PRP are situated in the same stand and in comparable site and stand conditions, but two PRP has been protected against game by fencing since [1985][1986][1987][1988][1989]. The stand volume ranged from 478 to 565 m 3 ha −1 in age 143 -156 year. The results showed that the diversity of tree layer was higher by 19.8% (48.0% in species richness) in the stands protected by fence. In the phase of natural regeneration, the species composition, stand structure and number of recruits were poorer on unfenced PRP (7,990 recruits ha ). Admixed silver fir and rowan were completely eliminated by browsing (to 94 -100% of individuals). Growth analyses statistically confirmed that ungulates were a significant limiting factor for successful forest development (P < 0.001).

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“…Some studies have shown that CWD, due to its somewhat round shape, does not effectively accumulate a thick litter layer (Christy and Mack 1984;McKenny and Kirkpatrick 1999). As beech increasingly dominates the Carpathian mixed forests (Vrška et al 2009), the role of CWD in the establishment and survival of conifer species might be more pronounced in the future.…”

Section: Growth and Survival Of Seedlings On Cwdmentioning

confidence: 99%

European beech, silver fir, and Norway spruce differ in establishment, height growth, and mortality rates on coarse woody debris and forest floor—a study from a mixed beech forest in the Western Carpathians

Orman

Szewczyk

2015

Annals of Forest Science

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Abstract& Key message In mixed forests, coarse woody debris promotes the successful establishment and growth of conifers and beech. In contrast to beech and fir, older spruce seedlings were only present on coarse woody debris and not on the forest floor. & Context Coarse woody debris (CWD) is considered a suitable seedbed for small-seeded and light-demanding species. Its role in enhancing tree regeneration is well reported in boreal or subalpine spruce forests. Less is known about its role in the establishment, growth, and survival of other species, particularly in mixed forests. & Aims We analyzed the role of CWD in seedling establishment, growth, and survival for European beech, silver fir, and Norway spruce. & Methods We tracked the growth and survival of all germinants and seedlings over 5 years. & Results Conifers were relatively more successful than beech at colonizing on CWD. The density of seedlings was variable in all CWD decay classes but was the highest on welldecomposed CWD. CWD supported the growth of all species. Beech cohorts and older seedlings had similar mortality rates on both microsites. Spruce germinants did not survive on the forest floor for more than a year, and older seedlings were only observed on CWD. Fir cohorts had similar mortality rates on both microsites, but older seedlings survived better on the forest floor. & Conclusion Although the three species differed in their preferred microsite for establishment, CWD can be considered a suitable regeneration microsite for all three species by enhancing their growth and, in the case of spruce, both short-and long-term survival.

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European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) rotation in the Carpathians—A developmental cycle or a linear trend induced by man?

Cited by 130 publications

References 9 publications

Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Structure and dynamics of spruce-beech-fir forests in Nature Reserves of the Orlické hory Mts. in relation to ungulate game

European beech, silver fir, and Norway spruce differ in establishment, height growth, and mortality rates on coarse woody debris and forest floor—a study from a mixed beech forest in the Western Carpathians

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