European aquaculture of sugar kelp (<i>Saccharina latissima</i>) for food industries: iodine content and epiphytic animals as major problems

Lüning, K.; Mortensen, Leiv M.

doi:10.1515/bot-2015-0036

Cited by 65 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…(; for L. digitata from Shetland, UK, Helgoland, Germany, and Brittany, France) nor this study could establish a clear relationship between “site” (or associated confounding variables) and the iodine content of brown, red and green macroalgae. Although salinity previously appeared to affect iodine concentrations in Laminariales (Kylin , Lüning and Mortensen ) and a 24‐h exposure of L. digitata to decreased salinities caused an increased net I − efflux rate (Nitschke and Stengel ), no obvious trends were observed between sampling locations in this study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…Similarly, spatial variation reported for European kelp populations may be associated with exposure (wave action), duration of winter (Ar Gall et al. ) or the local salinity regime (Kylin , Nitschke and Stengel , Lüning and Mortensen ). In addition, elevated molecular iodine (I 2 ) concentrations in air were observed above emersed seaweed beds (McFiggans et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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Variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds and iodine accumulation kinetics of Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta)

Nitschke

Walsh

McDaid

et al. 2017

Journal of Phycology

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The biogeochemistry of iodine in temperate coastal ecosystems is largely mediated by macroalgae, which act as a major biological sink and source of iodine. Their capacity to accumulate, retain and release iodine has been associated with abiotic and biotic stressors, but quantitative information is limited. We evaluated the seasonal iodine retention capacity of eleven macroalgal species belonging to different systematic groups, collected from two sites in Ireland. Iodine accumulation and retention were then further quantified in Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata in relation to I À concentrations in seawater and temperature. In general, iodine contents were~10for Laminariales, 10for Fucales, 10for Rhodophyta, and 10 À1 lmol Á (g dw) À1 for Chlorophyta. Typically, algal iodine contents were above average in winter and below average in summer. Iodine accumulation in F. vesiculosus and L. digitata depended on I À availability and followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetic. The ratio of maximum accumulation rate to half accumulation coefficient (q max : K t ) was 2.4 times higher for F. vesiculosus than for L. digitata, suggesting that F. vesiculosus was more efficient in iodine accumulation. Both species exhibited a temperature-dependent net loss of iodine, and only an exposure to sufficient external I À concentrations compensated for this loss. This study revealed that both environmental (e.g., IÀ in seawater, temperature) and organismal (e.g., the status of the iodine storage pool) variables determine retention and variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds.Key index words: Fucus; iodine accumulation; iodine content; iodine uptake; Laminaria; macroalgae; seasonal variation; seaweeds; spatial variation Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; dw, dry weight; E PAR , irradiance in the photosynthetically active range (400-700 nm) measured with a planar quantum sensor; F v /F m , maximum photosystem II efficiency; fw, fresh weight; H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide; I À , iodide; IO 3 À , iodate; K t , half accumulation coefficient; MBL, Marine Boundary Layer; Q, iodine storage pool/iodine content; t-score, standardized value according to Student's t; vBPO, vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase; vHPO, vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase; vIPO, vanadium-dependent iodoperoxidase; V max , maximum specific iodine accumulation rate; q iodine , iodine accumulation rate; q max , maximum iodine accumulation rate

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds and iodine accumulation kinetics of Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta)

Nitschke

Walsh

McDaid

et al. 2017

Journal of Phycology

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“…Studies have reported that brown macroalgae, particularly kelps such as Laminaria and Saccharina, are rich in minerals such as I (Holdt & Kraan, 2011;Lüning & Mortensen, 2015;Maehre et al, 2014;Makkar et al, 2016;Teas, Pino, Critchley, & Braverman, 2004). In northwest Europe, Holdt and Kraan (2011) reported I content in Laminaria and Saccharina (species unspecified) of 230 to 12,000 mg/kg dw.…”

Section: 123mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Banach

Hil

Fels‐Klerx

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

126

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Seaweed is a source of protein that can help overcome the anticipated challenges of a growing world population and the current challenges for finding alternatives for animal proteins in the Western diet. Thus far, data on the safety of seaweed for feed and food purposes in the Western world are scattered. This study aimed to review the available knowledge on the presence of food safety hazards in seaweed, including factors influencing their presence, and to prioritize the hazards that may pose a risk to human health. Given current knowledge from the literature, data from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, and results from a stakeholder survey, 22 food safety hazards were ranked into major (4), moderate (5), and minor (13) hazards. Arsenic, cadmium, iodine, and Salmonella were identified as major hazards. Hazards, where data gaps exist, should be carefully assessed. These include pesticide residues, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, marine biotoxins, allergens, micro‐ and nanoplastics, other pathogenic bacteria, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus. It is recommended to collect more data on these hazards in future studies. Many factors can affect the presence of hazards including seaweed type, physiology, season, harvest and cultivation environment, geography including the location of cultivation, alongside further processing. Moreover, when seaweed is cultivated near industrialized or anthropogenic activities, these activities may negatively influence water quality, which can increase the likelihood of hazards in seaweed. Results of the ranking prioritized hazards can be used to prioritize monitoring programs and adjusted given future additional knowledge covering the data gaps.

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“…In Norway, the presence of epiphytic invertebrates, especially bryozoans (e.g. Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa), but also blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), hydroids and fouling macroalgae has been reported for sugar kelp cultivated at sea during summer months (Forbord et al 2012;Handå et al 2013;Lüning and Mortensen 2015;Førde et al 2016). In worst case scenarios, such fouling may lead to extensive blade damage and loss of biomass or considerable quality deterioration.…”

Section: Epiphytes and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, few studies about negative consequences of consuming seaweeds have been carried out, but among the best documented are effects of high iodine content in some brown algae (Lüning and Mortensen 2015;Desideri et al 2016). The potentially mitigating effects of primary processing of edible seaweeds on their content of toxins as well as antinutrients (i.e.…”

Section: Risk Assessment 2-product Relatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seaweed aquaculture in Norway: recent industrial developments and future perspectives

2017

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The use of cultivated seaweeds as a feedstock for multiple industrial applications has gained increasing interest in the Western World over the past decades. Norway has an extensive coastline and a well-established aquaculture sector offering suitable preconditions for developing large-scale cultivation of seaweed biomass both in monoculture and in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems. Recent efforts from research, industry and public authorities have been committed to develop a Norwegian bio-economy based on cultivated seaweed, focusing on cultivation and processing of the biomass. This review reports on the status of seaweed aquaculture in Norway, supported by production data collected since the delivery of the first commercial cultivation permits at sea in 2014. Although novel product developments are currently limited, future industrial perspectives based on cultivated biomass are being discussed. Upscaling from experimental cultivation schemes to commercial production requires a thorough assessment of the risks and benefits associated with seaweed aquaculture, as well as the development of a regulative framework adapted to this industry. Issues associated with upscaling the macroalgal production that needs to be addressed includes (i) genetic interactions between cultivated and wild crops, (ii) impacts of seaweed cultivation on surrounding ecosystems, (iii) epiphytes and diseases, (iv) area utilization and (v) threats from climate change. Addressing these issues and adapting production practices will ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of an emerging industry based on cultivated seaweed biomass in Norway.

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European aquaculture of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) for food industries: iodine content and epiphytic animals as major problems

Abstract: There is little use of cultivated kelp including

Cited by 65 publications

References 25 publications

Variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds and iodine accumulation kinetics of Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta)

Variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds and iodine accumulation kinetics of Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta)

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Seaweed aquaculture in Norway: recent industrial developments and future perspectives

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