Eukaryotic phytochromes: Light-regulated serine/threonine protein kinases with histidine kinase ancestry

Yeh, Kuo‐Chen; Lagarias, J. Clark

doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13976

Cited by 390 publications

(294 citation statements)

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“…This light-specific modification appears within min and is R/ FR-reversible, indicating phytochrome involvement (Figure 4 and Supplementary Figure S2). Given the speed of this reaction, a tempting scenario is direct involvement of the proposed kinase activity of higher-plant phytochromes (Yeh and Lagarias, 1998). Light-induced PIF3 degradation is also preceded by phytochrome-dependent phosphorylation (AlSady et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochrome‐mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves degradation of growth‐promoting bHLH transcription factors

Lorrain¹,

Allen²,

Duek³

et al. 2007

The Plant Journal

655

848

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SummaryPlant growth and development are particularly sensitive to changes in the light environment and especially to vegetational shading. The shade-avoidance response is mainly controlled by the phytochrome photoreceptors. In Arabidopsis, recent studies have identified several related bHLH class transcription factors (PIF, for phytochrome-interacting factors) as important components in phytochrome signaling. In addition to a related bHLH domain, most of the PIFs contain an active phytochrome binding (APB) domain that mediates their interaction with light-activated phytochrome B (phyB). Here we show that PIF4 and PIF5 act early in the phytochrome signaling pathways to promote the shade-avoidance response. PIF4 and PIF5 accumulate to high levels in the dark, are selectively degraded in response to red light, and remain at high levels under shademimicking conditions. Degradation of these transcription factors is preceded by phosphorylation, requires the APB domain and is sensitive to inhibitors of the proteasome, suggesting that PIF4 and PIF5 are degraded upon interaction with light-activated phyB. Our data suggest that, in dense vegetation, which is rich in far-red light, shade avoidance is triggered, at least partially, as a consequence of reduced phytochrome-mediated degradation of transcription factors such as PIF4 and PIF5. Consistent with this idea, the constitutive shadeavoidance phenotype of phyB mutants partially reverts in the absence of PIF4 and PIF5.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochrome‐mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves degradation of growth‐promoting bHLH transcription factors

Lorrain¹,

Allen²,

Duek³

et al. 2007

The Plant Journal

655

848

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Strain PCC 6803 genome (cyanobase) revealed several deduced polypeptides related to both RcaE and eukaryotic phytochromes. One of the genes encoding a phytochrome-like protein, designated cph1, has been expressed in vitro and is capable of binding a chromophore and undergoing a photochromic shift in absorbance (Yeh et al 1997;Yeh and Lagarias 1998). These results suggest that there are several phytochrome-related polypeptides in cyanobacteria that act as photoreceptors and that probably govern gene expression via a phosphorylation cascade.…”

Section: Use Of Mutants and Genetic Techniques To Dissect Complementamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytochromes in plants may also function by modulating the phosphorylation of regulatory proteins. Lagarias and colleagues have demonstrated that plant phytochrome synthesized in yeast can undergo autophosphorylation, although this protein appears to have serine/threonine kinase rather than histidine kinase activity (Yeh and Lagarias 1998). Other phytochromelike proteins in bacteria appear to control growth under certain light conditions (Wilde et al 1997), carotenoid synthesis (Davis et al 1999) and phototactic move-ment Wilde et al 2002).…”

Section: Use Of Mutants and Genetic Techniques To Dissect Complementamentioning

confidence: 99%

A molecular understanding of complementary chromatic adaptation

Grossman

Discoveries in Photosynthesis

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Photosynthetic activity and the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus are strongly regulated by environmental conditions. Some visually dramatic changes in pigmentation of cyanobacterial cells that occur during changing nutrient and light conditions reflect marked alterations in components of the major light-harvesting complex in these organisms, the phycobilisome. As noted well over 100 years ago, the pigment composition of some cyanobacteria is very sensitive to ambient wavelengths of light; this sensitivity reflects molecular changes in polypeptide constituents of the phycobilisome. The levels of different pigmented polypeptides or phycobiliproteins that become associated with the phycobilisome are adjusted to optimize absorption of excitation energy present in the environment. This process, called complementary chromatic adaptation, is controlled by a bilin-binding photoreceptor related to phytochrome of vascular plants; however, many other regulatory elements also play a role in chromatic adaptation. My perspectives and biases on the history and significance of this process are presented in this essay.

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“…Two classes of photoreceptors, phytochrome and blue light/UV-A receptor (cryptochrome), are involved in the regulation of photosynthetic genes (Batschauer, 1998;Briggs and Huala, 1999;Deng and Quail, 1999;Fankhauser and Chory, 1999). It has been suggested that eukaryotic phytochromes are Ser/Thr kinases with a two-component His kinase ancestry (Yeh et al, 1997;Yeh and Lagarias, 1998;Fankhauser and Chory, 1999;Fankhauser et al, 1999). Five phytochrome genes have been identified in Arabidopsis (Clack et al, 1994;Quail et al, 1995;Quail, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mutations Affecting Light Regulation of Nuclear Genes Encoding Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis

2002

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Expression of nuclear genes that encode the A and B subunits of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPA and GAPB) of Arabidopsis is known to be regulated by light. We used a negative selection approach to isolate mutants that were defective in light-regulated expression of the GAPA gene. Two dominant mutants belonging to the same complementation group, uga1-1 and uga1-2, were then characterized. These two mutants showed a dramatic reduction in GAPA mRNA level in both mature plants and seedlings. Surprisingly, mutations in uga1-1 and uga1-2 had no effect on the expression of GAPB and several other light-regulated genes. In addition, we found that the chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity of the mutants was only slightly lower than that of the wild type. Western-blot analysis showed that the GAPA protein level was nearly indistinguishable between the wild-type and the uga mutants. These results suggested that posttranscriptional control was involved in the up-regulation of the GAPA protein in the mutants. The uga1-1 mutation was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome V of the Arabidopsis genome.Transcription is one of the primary steps at which light regulates gene expression in plants (Terzaghi and Cashmore, 1995). Two classes of photoreceptors, phytochrome and blue light/UV-A receptor (cryptochrome), are involved in the regulation of photosynthetic genes (Batschauer, 1998; Briggs and Huala, 1999; Deng and Quail, 1999; Fankhauser and Chory, 1999). It has been suggested that eukaryotic phytochromes are Ser/Thr kinases with a two-component His kinase ancestry (Yeh et al., 1997;Yeh and Lagarias, 1998; Fankhauser and Chory, 1999; Fankhauser et al., 1999). Five phytochrome genes have been identified in Arabidopsis (Clack et al., 1994;Quail et al., 1995;Quail, 1997). Current evidence indicates that the different phytochromes may have distinct functions (Quail et al., 1995;Quail, 1997). Genetic and molecular studies have led to the identification of four blue-light photoreceptors in Arabidopsis (Briggs et al., 2001). CRY1 (HY4) and CRY2/PHH1 have partial overlapping functions in promoting anthocyanin formation and inhibiting hypocotyl elongation (Ahmad and Cashmore, 1993; Ahmad et al., 1995; Lin, 2000), whereas PHOT1/NPH1 and PHOT2 regulate phototropism, stomatal opening, and chloroplast movement (Liscum and Briggs, 1995; Briggs and Huala, 1999; Kinoshita et al., 2001;Sakai et al., 2001). In addition, the mutations in CRY1 and CRY2 genes affect blue-light-mediated regulation of photosynthetic gene expression (Ahmad et al., 1995; Conley and Shih, 1995; Mazzella et al., 2001).Several mutants affecting the light signal transduction pathway appear to be defective in genes that encode transcription factors. PIF3 was found not only to interact directly with PhyB but also with the promoters of many light-regulated genes (Ni et al., 1999; Martinez-Garcia et al., 2000). The hfr1/rsf1/rep1 mutants, on the other hand, appeared to be specific for PhyA pathway (Fairchild et al....

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Eukaryotic phytochromes: Light-regulated serine/threonine protein kinases with histidine kinase ancestry

Cited by 390 publications

References 50 publications

Phytochrome‐mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves degradation of growth‐promoting bHLH transcription factors

Phytochrome‐mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves degradation of growth‐promoting bHLH transcription factors

A molecular understanding of complementary chromatic adaptation

Mutations Affecting Light Regulation of Nuclear Genes Encoding Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis

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