Euglenophycin is produced in at least six species of euglenoid algae and six of seven strains of Euglena sanguinea

Zimba, Paul V.; Huang, I‐Shuo; Gutierrez, Danielle B.; Shin, Woongghi; Bennett, Matthew S.; Triemer, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.010

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…anabaena , Eu . clavata , L. acus , T. ellipsoidalis , S. borystehnienis ; Zimba et al 2017 ). The analysis included 33 species and seven different isolates of E .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea

et al. 2018

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Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg is the only known species of euglenids which forms toxic blooms causing tangible losses to fish farms. Euglena sanguinea produces euglenophycin, a toxin similar in structure to solenopsin, an alkaloid found in fire ant venom. It was proved that euglenophycin exhibits not only ichthyotoxic but also herbicidal and anticancer activity. Recently, a specific mass spectrometric method of identification and quantitation of euglenophycin was developed to facilitate monitoring of that toxin in freshwater ponds. Despite the recent taxonomic verifications, proper identification of E. sanguinea is still difficult, especially for less experienced researchers. Herein, we describe a simple method based on nested PCR amplification of the nSSU rDNA fragments to identify a single E. sanguinea cell and its detection in a sample of water. The method will further facilitate monitoring of water reservoirs, especially estimating the risk of toxic blooms.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10811-017-1376-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…anabaena , Eu . clavata , L. acus , T. ellipsoidalis , S. borystehnienis ; Zimba et al 2017 ). The analysis included 33 species and seven different isolates of E .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Müll.) B. Marin & Melkonian (Zimba et al 2017 ). However, E. sanguinea remains the only known species of euglenids to form toxic blooms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea

et al. 2018

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“…Recently, even more species of Euglenophyceae were reported to be able to produce Euglenophycin. Species producing Euglenophycin in significant amounts include Lepocinclis acus , Trachelomonas ellipsoidalis , Strombomonas borysteniensis , two species of Euglenaria ( E. clavata, anabaena ) and three species of Euglena — E. sanguinea, sociabilis, stellata [ 74 ]. Exposure to E. may cause fish deaths within only two hours [ 71 ].…”

Section: Toxic Algae Occurring In the Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

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“…In recent years, there have been reports of Euglena blooms occurring in other places. A string of reports on Euglena water blooms in various parts of the world have begun to appear, such as in 17 states in the United States [29,30], Poland (in a shallow oxbow lake) [31], Iran (Gorgan Bay) [32], Brazil (Guaiba Lake and the Bacanga River Estuary) [33,34], and China (Luoma Lake and shallow urban lakes in Wuhan) [35,36]. In retrospect, previous research has generally discussed the effects of other algae on nutrient salt consumption and physiological mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism Underlying Flow Velocity and Its Corresponding Influence on the Growth of Euglena gracilis, a Dominant Bloom Species in Reservoirs

Tan

Zhang

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The effects of hydrodynamics on algae growth have received considerable attention, and flow velocity is one of the most frequently discussed factors. For Euglena gracilis, which aggregates resources and is highly resistant to environmental changes, the mechanism underlying the impact of flow velocity on its growth is poorly understood. Experiments were conducted to examine the response of algae growth to different velocities, and several enzymes were tested to determine their physiological mechanisms. Significant differences in the growth of E. gracilis were found at different flow velocities, and this phenomenon is unique compared to the growth of other algal species. With increasing flow velocity and time, the growth of E. gracilis is gradually inhibited. In particular, we found that the pioneer enzyme is peroxidase (POD) and that the main antioxidant enzyme is catalase (CAT) when E. gracilis experiences flow velocity stress. Hysteresis between total phosphorus (TP) consumption and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) synthesis was observed. Under experimental control conditions, the results indicate that flow velocities above 0.1 m/s may inhibit growth and that E. gracilis prefers a relatively slow or even static flow velocity, and this finding could be beneficial for the control of E. gracilis blooms.

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Euglenophycin is produced in at least six species of euglenoid algae and six of seven strains of Euglena sanguinea

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea

PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Mechanism Underlying Flow Velocity and Its Corresponding Influence on the Growth of Euglena gracilis, a Dominant Bloom Species in Reservoirs

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