2020
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00084
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Eugenol Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Autophagy via AMPK-mTOR-P70S6K Pathway

Abstract: Eugenol, as an active compound isolated from Acorus gramineus, has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nonetheless, the detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in cerebral I/R injury have not been elaborated. In the present study, cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reperfusion (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro. The results showed that eugen… Show more

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Cited by 80 publications
(51 citation statements)
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References 62 publications
(45 reference statements)
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“…A total of 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ), the rats were randomly divided into five groups: The hyperglycemia Sham (Sham), hyperglycemia I/R (HIR), sodium selenite-treated hyperglycemia I/R (Se), 3-methyladenine (3-MA)-treated hyperglycemia I/R (3-MA) and sodium selenite plus 3-MA-treated hyperglycemia I/R (Se + 3-MA) groups (20 rats per group). For the inhibition of autophagy, 3-MA (30 µ g; Merck KGaA) was dissolved in 10 µ l saline ( 36 ) and injected into the ipsilateral ventricle immediately after MCAO.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…A total of 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ), the rats were randomly divided into five groups: The hyperglycemia Sham (Sham), hyperglycemia I/R (HIR), sodium selenite-treated hyperglycemia I/R (Se), 3-methyladenine (3-MA)-treated hyperglycemia I/R (3-MA) and sodium selenite plus 3-MA-treated hyperglycemia I/R (Se + 3-MA) groups (20 rats per group). For the inhibition of autophagy, 3-MA (30 µ g; Merck KGaA) was dissolved in 10 µ l saline ( 36 ) and injected into the ipsilateral ventricle immediately after MCAO.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Immediately after the surgery, the 3-MA treatment group was intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected with 3-MA (30 µ g dissolved in 10 µ l saline) ( 36 ). Normal saline (10 µ l) was injected in the Sham group.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro, HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment, as previously described. 30 In brief, approximately 2×10 4 HT22 cells were cultured in glucose-free DMEM in a hypoxic chamber with 3% O 2 , 5% CO 2 and 92% N 2 for 2 h, and then cells were transferred into glucose-containing DMEM for re-oxygenation under normal conditions (95% air and 5% CO 2 ) for 6 h, 12 h or 24 h. Cells still cultured in glucose-containing DMEM under normoxic conditions were considered as the control group.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…在大鼠永久性大脑中动脉闭塞模型中, 观察到自噬体和自噬溶酶体数量的明 显增加,使用 3-MA 治疗可以有效地减少脑梗死体积,减轻脑水肿并改善大鼠的 运动障碍 [34] 。 对大鼠进行氧葡萄糖剥夺(oxygen-glucose deprivation, ODG) 24 小时 后,3-MA 和 WM 可以通过抑制自噬来减轻神经元的损伤 [35] 。对成年大鼠进行 全脑缺血再灌注损伤,缺血前 3-MA 治疗可抑制缺血损伤激活的自噬,防止海马 CA1 神经元程序性坏死的发生 [26] 。上述研究表明自噬对脑缺血损伤也存在促进 作用。Beclin-1 诱导的自噬对缺血性中风除了表现出保护作用外,在其他研究中 也表现出加重脑缺血损伤的有害作用。有研究探讨 Beclin-1 依赖性自噬在短暂 MCAO 后神经再生过程中的作用, 使用 RNA 干扰技术下调脑缺血大鼠的 Beclin-1 表达可以减少脑梗死体积,抑制组织损伤和改善神经功能障碍 [36] 。此外,通过 下调 Beclin-1 来抑制自噬可减轻局灶性脑梗死后的丘脑继发性退行性损伤 [37] 。研 究发现 AMPK 介导的自噬可以扩大脑缺血体积,加重病理损伤。Li 等人利用基 因敲除的方法检测 AMPK 亚型对缺血性中风的影响,发现 AMPK 在局灶性中风 模型中是有害的,AMPK 的催化异构体 α-2 参与了其有害作用的激活,使用 AMPK 抑制剂药理上抑制 AMPK 的激活可以减少中风损伤,即使在中风发生后 治疗也可以有效的保护神经细胞 [38] 。此外,自噬相关基因 ATG7 也是缺氧/缺血 性脑损伤诱导的神经元细胞死亡的关键基因。新生小鼠受到脑缺氧/缺血损伤后, 观察到自噬体的形成显著增加,海马神经元的大量死亡受到 caspase-3 依赖或非 依赖的调节 [39] 。 而对于 ATG7 基因缺失的新生小鼠, 对缺氧/缺血诱导的 caspase-3 激活和神经元死亡均表现出完全的抵抗作用,几乎没有受到神经功能的损伤 [39] 。 对小鼠神经元选择性缺失 AT G7 基因可以防止缺氧/缺血诱导的自噬,使小鼠脑 梗死体积减少 42%,并减少大脑多个区域的细胞死亡 [40] [41] 。体内外研究表明,丁香酚可以通过 调节 AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K 信号通路诱导细胞自噬, 明显减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤 及伴随的神经功能损伤 [41] 。 白藜芦醇(resveratrol)是一种非黄酮类多酚有机化合物, 可以通过抑制电子传递链来降低 ATP 水平,从而导致 AMPK 的激活 [42] 。在体外 培养的神经元和内皮细胞中,白藜芦醇激活 AMPK,并通过激活自噬对内皮细 胞中游离脂肪酸诱导的氧化应激表现出保护作用 [43] 。 二苯 乙 烯苷 (stilbene glycoside)是从何首乌中分离得到的具有神经保护作用的单体成分。机制研究表 明,二苯乙烯苷通过促进 SIRT3/AMPK 的表达,促进缺血神经元线粒体自噬, 抑制细胞凋亡 [44] 。Garciesculenxanthone B(GeB)是一种从藤黄中提取出的呫吨酮 类化合物,可稳定蛋白激酶 PINK1,并促进 PINK1-Parkin 介导的线粒体自噬, 对缺血再灌注诱导的小鼠脑损伤起到保护作用 [45] 。转录因子 EB(transcription factor EB, TFEB)作为自噬体和溶酶体生物发生的主要调节因子,通过激活自噬-溶酶体通路(autophagy-lysosomal pathway, ALP)对脑缺血诱导的神经元损伤具有 神经保护作用 [46] 。 番茄碱(tomatidine)是一种天然存在于茄科植物未成熟番茄中的 甾体生物碱,在哺乳动物细胞或线虫中可以激活自噬降解。最新研究表明,番茄 碱能够通过促进溶酶体活性对缺血损伤的神经元细胞起到保护作用, 这种保护可 能涉及到 TFEB 相关机制 [47] 。伪人参皂苷 F11(pseudoginsenoside F11, PF11)是一 种从西洋参中分离出来的奥克梯隆型皂苷,研究表明 PF11 可通过促进钙调磷酸 酶介导的 TFEB 核易位来减轻永久性脑缺血 ALP 功能障碍, 证实了 PF11 的抗脑 缺血自噬机制 [48] 。黄芪甲苷 IV(astragaloside IV)是从中药黄芪的干植物根中分离 得到的小分子皂苷,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒、抗衰老、抗血小板聚集等多种 生物活性 [49] 。体内外研究表明,黄芪甲苷 IV 通过增强脑缺氧缺血诱导的保护性 自噬抑制细胞凋亡,对缺氧缺血造成的脑损伤具有神经保护作用 [50] 。花青素 (anthocyanin)是一种苯并吡喃衍生物,广泛存在于绝大多数陆生植物的液泡中, 被报道可以减轻 MCAO 大鼠神经血管单元的损伤 [51] 。在 ODG 处理的 SH-SY5Y 细胞中, 花青素能显著增加细胞的自噬通量, 抑制氧化应激 [51] 。 自噬激动剂 RAPA 可增强花青素的抗炎作用, 而自噬抑制剂 3-MA 则抑制花青素的神经细胞保护作 用 [51] 。 此外,在长期的临床应用或实验室研究中,许多治疗其他疾病的小分子化合 物被发现具有诱导/促进自噬并减轻脑缺血损伤的作用。异丙酚(propofol)作为一 种静脉麻醉药,具有起效和恢复时间快,副作用少的优点,广泛应用于临床危重 患者的麻醉和镇静 [52] 。临床用药中发现异丙酚在缺血性中风、脑缺血再灌注损 伤、蛛网膜下腔出血、急性脑损伤等神经损伤病例中均表现出良好的保护作用。 在脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型中,异丙酚预处理可...…”
Section: 过度自噬加重缺血性中风损伤unclassified