EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials

Equality between Men and Women: Challenges to Croatian Legislation

“…At the same time, its aim is to give legal form to the principle of equal treatment for men and women. The equal treatment directive contains three exceptions to the principle of equal treatment (De Burca and Craig, 1998). These are of limited opportunities for derogation, the application of positive measures, and the removal of existing inequalities that most of all hit women because of their abilities to get employed and promoted, to receive further training, their working conditions and social security.…”

Methodology for accelerated monitoring and assurance of sanitary quality and food safety

“…General considerations regarding the principles for the development and application of microbiological criteria for different types of food are given in the Codex Alimentarius CAC/GL 21 document and other EU policy documents, for example, in the report of the EU Commission «On the strategy for selecting microbiological criteria for food in the EU food legislation», in the EU Guidelines 2073 «On Microbiological Criteria for Food», as well as in the guidelines of the Federal Food and Drug Administration (USA) [1,4,[11][12][13]: -if it is a question of products with a short shelf life or products of increased demand that are not delayed in the trade network, the method used must be fast enough so that the time taken to obtain information about the safety of the product does not exceed the period of storage or shelf life;…”

Tax Subsidies as a Form of State Aid and General Government Sector Debt

“…Tak sformułowany zakaz jest interpretowany szeroko. W prawie unijnym nie zostało co prawda zdefiniowane pojęcie "pomoc publiczna", lecz w orzecznictwie przyjęto, że jest nią każda korzyść uzyskana przez przedsiębiorstwo od władz publicznych bądź w drodze pozyskania środków, bądź zwolnienia, choćby częściowego, z obowiąz-ków o charakterze finansowym [Craig, Búrca, 2003, s. 1141. Aby udzielane przez państwo wsparcie dla przedsiębiorstwa mogło być zakwalifikowane jako pomoc publiczna podlegająca omawianym ograniczeniom, wyżej wskazane władze, niezależnie od ich szczebla (krajowe, lokalne), nie muszą działać bezpośrednio i mogą to czynić nawet za pośrednictwem podmiotów prywatnych.…”