Etude préliminaire de la faune provenant de la grotte du Djebel Qafzeh près de Nazareth (Israël)

Bouchud, Jean

doi:10.3406/paleo.1974.4175

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…One problem with this argument is that the evidence for such a change in hunting pattern is not very strong for areas outside Europe. In the Middle East, for example, published faunal lists suggest long-standing dependence on varying proportions of three ungulate genera: Bos, Dama, and Gazella (Garrod and Bate, 1937;Hooijer, 1961;Perkins, 1964;Flannery, 1965Flannery, ,1969Bouchud, 1969Bouchud, ,1974Davis, 1977). Therefore, it does not seem likely that in the Middle East there was a change in social organization for the reason that she proposes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diet and the evolution of modern human form in the Middle East

Schoeninger

1982

American J Phys Anthropol

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Fully modern human form more gracile than the antecedent archaic modern form was evident by 30,000 years ago. One hypothesis to explain this decrease in skeletal robustness is that change occurred in human diet and that this change was associated with a decrease in activity levels required in both individual and group behavior. It is possible to study dietary change directly using trace element analysis of strontium levels in bone. The amount of strontium in bone reflects the amount of strontium in diet. Since plants contain higher levels of strontium than do animal soft tissues, the level of bone strontium will differ between individuals according to the proportion of plant and animal products in their diets. In this study the ratio of strontium:calcium in human bone to strontium:calcium in faunal bone is compared for samples of archaic modern humans (from Mugharet et Tabun, Mugharet es-Skhul, and Jebel Qafzeh) and fully modrn humans from Mugharet el-Kebara and Mugharet el-Wad) from Israel. The use of a ratio controls for potentially unequal strontium levels in soils at different sites and for different diagenetic histories between sites. The results of the analysis are internally reliable, reflecting bone strontium levels rather than technique error; therefore, they reflect diet. It appears that a change occurred in the amount of animal protein in the diet of humans but that this change occurred almost 20,000 years after the first appearance of skeletally modern humans. These results refute the hypothesis that the morphological transformation to modern human form occurred as a result of behavioral changes involved in obtaining previously unused foods. If any decrease in human activity level occurred between archaic modern and fully modern humans, this decrease probably was due to alterations in the means of procuring or processing the same kinds of foods that had been utilized earlier in time.

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confidence: 99%

Diet and the evolution of modern human form in the Middle East

Schoeninger

1982

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…The second site is the cave of Jebel Qafza, on the outskirts of Nazareth in central Galilee, about 35 km due east (inland) from Tabun. Descriptions of the human remains (Vandermeersch, 1966(Vandermeersch, , 1969(Vandermeersch, , 1977Tiller & Vandermeersch, 1976), of the upper palaeolithic industries (Ronen & Vandermeersch, 1972), and of the vertebrate fossils (Haas, 1972;Bouchud, 1974) have appeared, but the sediments are reported on here for the first time. The third site to be considered in detail is the rockshelter of Ksar 'Aqil, only 10 km northeast of Beirut in Lebanon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…but that weathering was less intense or lasted a shorter time than in the case of beds 12 and 13. Bouchud (1974) has suggested that the climate was distinctly drier during the time of beds 7 to 9, based largely on the abundance of Ga~rllrr, than it was during mousterian times; this climatic difference may have played a role in determining the different degrees of weathering.…”

Section: Et-tabun Mount Camel Israelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It lies about 1400 m above sea level in an area that experiences some snow accumulation and freezing temperatures every winter. The rockshelter was most recently excavated in the early 1960s and the sediments have been analysed by and by Brunnacker (1970). The shelter is filled with I1 m of sandy, stony kboulis, very coarse (dominantly 16-64 mm) at the base and finer upwards.…”

Section: Ksar 'Aqil Rookshelter Lebanonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter usage implies an equivalence that is well beyond proof and that is deleterious to the establishment of a meaningful correlation chart involving the two areas. The classic and most widespread example of the latter kind of misuse is the application of the Alpine glacial chronology, which is not really so clear even in the Alps (Richmond, 1970;Kukla, 1977: Brunnacker, 1975, to non-glacial stratigraphy as far away as Israel and Lebanon, or even in southern Africa and India. Local terminology must be established and clearly defined-first for rock units (formations) and then for local time-stratigraphic units based on those rock units and keyed to absolute dates wherever possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronology and palaeoenvironment of levantine prehistoric sites as seen from sediment studies

Farrand¹

1979

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Analysis of sediments from the sites of et-Tabun, Jebel Qafza, and Sefunim in Israel, of Ksar 'Aqil in Lebanon, and of Yabrud Rockshelter I and Jerf 'Ajla in Syria leads to a reconstruction of the environments of deposition, periods of weathering and erosion, and relations to changing sea level during the times of occupation of these sites by prehistoric man. The overlapping sequences span the interval from part or all of the last interglaciation through the time of the last glaciation into historic time. Aeolians and from the last interglacial littoral zone and aeolian silt from more distant deserts dominate the site sediments until the early part of the last glaciation (especially at Tabun), whereas colluvial slope deposits, alluvium (Ksar 'Aqil), and angular rockfall debris are characteristic of the mid-last glaciation sediments in most sites, commonly with an admixture of reworked terra rossa soil sediment. These latter sediments seem to reflect a period or periods of greater available moisture or surface run-off. Prominent unconformities mark many sites at times coincident with the final middle palaeolithic (mousterian) occupations or in the interval between middle palaeolithic and upper palaeolithic occupations. It is not clear, in the absence of firm radiometric dates, whether these hiatuses should be correlated from site-to-site or whether they are site-specific. Freeze/thaw phenomena appear not to have played a significant role, if any at all, in the origin of sediments in coastal Levantine sites, although the middle palaeolithic of the Syrian Desert (Yabrud, Jerf 'Ajla) is contained in typical cryoclastic rubble. Finally. the reconstructed sedimentary environments are compared with the still-too-sparse palynological record for the Near East. Parallels of more humid and less humid climatic intervals throughout the past 60,000 to 70,000 years in both of these records reinforce the growing impression of a regionally fluctuating climate in the eastern Mediterranean region during the time of the last glaciation.

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An African adder (Bitis arietans complex) at Qafzeh Cave, Israel, during the early Late Pleistocene (MIS 5)

Biton

Bailón

2021

J Quaternary Science

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We studied Viperidae remains from Qafzeh Cave, Israel, to understand past dispersal timing and range expansion of Afro‐Arabian taxa to the Southern Levant during the early Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage 5). A total of 62 African adder (Bitis) snake remains were retrieved from multiple layers at Qafzeh Cave, alongside five non‐Bitis ‘Oriental viper’ taxa vertebrae. These are the only available specimens of Bitis ever reported in the Southern Levant. The morphology of the maxilla and vertebrae corresponds well to that of the Bitis arietans complex. Qafzeh Cave thus becomes the northernmost boundary of the B. arietans complex expansion ever recorded outside Africa. The unprecedented occurrence of Bitis at Qafzeh Cave, in conjunction with other archaeozoological evidence at the site, attest to exceptional climatic and environmental conditions in the surroundings of the cave during the Mousterian Homo sapiens occupations. It reinforces previous evidence for taxa expanding from sub‐Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean biome of the Southern Levant through the now hyper‐arid Saharo‐Arabian desert belt. The environmental conditions following deposition of the early Late Pleistocene layers were probably not favourable for the establishment of the snake, and eventually the B. arietans complex became locally extirpated.

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Etude préliminaire de la faune provenant de la grotte du Djebel Qafzeh près de Nazareth (Israël)

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Diet and the evolution of modern human form in the Middle East

Diet and the evolution of modern human form in the Middle East

Chronology and palaeoenvironment of levantine prehistoric sites as seen from sediment studies

An African adder (Bitis arietans complex) at Qafzeh Cave, Israel, during the early Late Pleistocene (MIS 5)

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