Etude genetique de la memorisation de mots et d'images.

Ducharme, Raymond; Fraisse, Paul

doi:10.1037/h0082907

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Neither the Ducharme and Fraisse (1965) suggestion that children tend not to label pictures as adults do, nor the suggestion that children use uniquely idiosyncratic labels is consistent with the present results in which adults and children made similar qualitative and quantitative errors in mode identification of pictorial stimuli.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Recall and recognition of words and pictures by adults and children

Borges

Stepnowsky

Holt

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Recall and recognition performance were compared under three different modes of presentation (written words, black-and-white pictures of objects, and color pictures of objects) for 30 subjects in each of three grade levels (college students, sixth graders, and fourth graders). The results showed a developmental trend of increasing recall performance' with age. Whereas adult performance was significantly affected by mode of presentation (color pictures > black-and-white pictures> written words), no difference was found across presentation modes for the fourth and sixth graders. However, the data also indicated that children do have pictorial and color cues available in memory in a manner very similar to adults. It was suggested that the cognitive structures of children do not utilize this stimulus information.In recent years it has become generally accepted that recall of pictorial stimuli is superior to that of word stimuli. A number of experiments using adult subjects (e.g., Paivio & Yarmey, 1966;Rowe, 1973;Rowe & Paivio, 1971) have supported this assertion. However, the data for children are not as extensive, and the results have been mixed. Ducharme and Fraisse (l965) found that, for 8-year-old children, words were slightly easier to memorize than pictures. Cole, Frankel, and Sharp (1971) reported that children of all ages from 6 through 15 showed greater recall for pictures than for words. Thus, the data available seem to suggest that the word-picture relationship may not · be the same for both children and adults.A smaller number of experiments have investigated the influence of color on the recall of pictures. Paivio and Yarmey (l966) and Paivio, Rogers, and Smythe (l968) reported no Significant difference between color and black-and-white presentations. However, Bousfield, Esterson, and Whitmarsh (l957) found that recall of words plus colored pictures was superior to words plus uncolored pictures, and that recall for both conditions was superior to that of words alone.The purpose of the present study was to examine these word vs. picture and color vs. no-color relationships for both children and adults. METHODA 2 by 3 by 3 (sex by grade level by mode of presentation) factorial design was used, with Mode of Presentation as a withinsubject factor. Recall and recognition performance was compared for 15 males and 15 females in each of three grade levels: college, sixth grade, and fourth grade. The three presentationThe authors acknowledge the valuable assistance of Sylvia G. Montejano in collecting the data. Requests for reprints should be sent to Marilyn A. Borges, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182. modes were names of objects (in cursive writing), black-andwhite photographs of the objects, and color photographs of the same objects.The presentation items were 30 concrete nouns with a frequency count of at least 11 per million (Thorndike-Lorge, 1944). Three different presentation lists were constructed, each containing the 30 items on slides, lOin each of the ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Recall and recognition of words and pictures by adults and children

Borges

Stepnowsky

Holt

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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“…Findings of comparably superior free-recall performance for nonverbal stimuli (drawings or objects, contrasted with their names) by Ducharme & Fraisse (1965), Lieberman & Culpepper (1965), and Scott (1967) lend further credence to the view that double encoding of visual material may be a fairly ubiquitous phenomenon. In fact, Ducharme & Fraisse (1965) found no improvement over memory for pictures when the names were added to the figural stimuli, which they interpreted as evidence for spontaneous verbalization when the picture was seen.f…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In fact, Ducharme & Fraisse (1965) found no improvement over memory for pictures when the names were added to the figural stimuli, which they interpreted as evidence for spontaneous verbalization when the picture was seen.f…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further study of encoding and arousal factors in free recall of verbal and visual material

Sampson

1969

Psychon Sci

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“…Picture superiority occurred for terminal input items on Triali, and both terminal and early items on Trial 2. The findings are discussed in terms of verbal and nonverbal (concrete) memory codes.Free verbal recall is generally higher for objects or pictures than for their labels (e.g., Ducharme & Fraisse, 1965; Kirkpatrick, 1894; Lieberman & Culpepper, 1965). Although rarely discussed, the finding is of uncommon theoretical interest because verbal coding processes alone seem insufficient to account for it.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Free verbal recall is generally higher for objects or pictures than for their labels (e.g., Ducharme & Fraisse, 1965;Kirkpatrick, 1894;Lieberman & Culpepper, 1965). Although rarely discussed, the finding is of uncommon theoretical interest because verbal coding processes alone seem insufficient to account for it.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are pictures easier to recall than words?

1968

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Pictures of objects were recalled significantly better than their names on the first two of four free recall trials. Recall for the two modes did not differ in intertrial organization but striking differences occurred as a function of input serial order. Picture superiority occurred for terminal input items on Triali, and both terminal and early items on Trial 2. The findings are discussed in terms of verbal and nonverbal (concrete) memory codes.Free verbal recall is generally higher for objects or pictures than for their labels (e.g., Ducharme & Fraisse, 1965; Kirkpatrick, 1894; Lieberman & Culpepper, 1965). Although rarely discussed, the finding is of uncommon theoretical interest because verbal coding processes alone seem insufficient to account for it. If only verbal processes were involved, one would expect either no difference between words and objects, or superior recall for the former because they more readily evoke the appropriate (implicit) verbal response: words can be read faster than objects can be named (Fraisse, 1964). Since objects are better recalled, nonverbal processes must somehow contribute to the retrieval process. How migh t this occur?Four theoretical possibilities suggest themselves. The effective variable might be some physical stimulus characteristic such as vividness, or it might be some coding (meaning) process aroused by the stimulus. Within either of these are two further alternatives: the variable affects the recall of the items as independent units, or provides a basis for organizing them into higher-order units (Tulving, 1968). Prior research does not permit a choice among the alternatives. Bousfield, Esterson, & Whitmarsh (1957) found recall to be highest for nouns presented along with colored pictures, next for nouns with uncolored pictures, and lowest for nouns alone. They interpreted their findings in terms of the compounding of stimulus elements, in a conditioning framework, which implies that the effective variables were physical stimulus characteristics. Their results and interpretation may not be relevant to the present problem, however, because words were not compared to pictures alone.The present investigation compared colored and uncolored sets of both pictures and their noun labels. To the extent that either physical vividness or compounding of stimulus elements is effective, recall should be better for colored versions of words as well as pictures. To the extent that color is ineffective, concrete meaning may be the important factor. Organizational processes should be reflected in intertrial (subjective) organization.Materials. The items consisted of the pictures and the names of 25 familiar objects, selected according to the criterion that the pictures are reliably coded by the particular words used (see Paivio & Yarmey, 1966). The items were: hand, cigar, ladder, bread, horse, soldier, microscope, telephone, kettle, scissors, pencil, fish, lobster, apple, star, leopard, bottle, tree, clock, flag, radio, umbrella, book, stove, and knife. For the black and white co...

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Etude genetique de la memorisation de mots et d'images.

Cited by 36 publications

References 8 publications

Recall and recognition of words and pictures by adults and children

Recall and recognition of words and pictures by adults and children

Further study of encoding and arousal factors in free recall of verbal and visual material

Why are pictures easier to recall than words?

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