Etlingera elatior Flower Aqueous Extract Protects against Oxidative Stress-Induced Nephropathy in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a known systemic disease with increasing global prevalence and multi-organ complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN). The trend of using medicinal plants in the management of DM is increasing exponentially. Etlingera elatior is a medicinal plant that contains chemicals and antioxidants that delay the oxidation process. However, available data focusing on its use on DN are inconsistent and scarce. This study aims to investigate the antidiabetic and nephroprotective effects of E. elatior flower aqueous extract (EEAE) in a type 2 DM rat (T2DR) model. The T2DR model was developed using a combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): (1) control (normal rat), (2) T2DR (untreated-type 2 diabetic rat), (3) Met (250 mg/kg metformin-treated T2DR), and (4) EEAE (1000 mg/kg EEAE-treated T2DR). All treatments were administered orally for 6 weeks. EEAE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, and serum blood urea nitrogen. EEAE also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhanced the levels of antioxidant markers—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). The inflammatory marker (interleukin (IL)-6) and fibrosis markers (transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)) were significantly decreased in the EEAE-treated group. The T2DR group developed DN, which was characterized by segmental sclerosis of the glomeruli associated with focal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Interestingly, the histology of kidney tissue in the EEAE group was preserved. This effect was similar to that of the control drug metformin. In summary, the antidiabetic and nephroprotective effects might be related to the antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory effects of the EEAE. The antidiabetic activity could be due to the presence of the active compound cyanidin-3-O-glycosides, which is an anthocyanin antioxidant, that is present in the EEAE. E. elatior has the potential to be developed as a natural source of antioxidants that can be used for the prevention or even the treatment of DM. These findings could lead to future research into the therapeutic use of E. elatior in alleviating the progression of DM and thus preventing nephropathy.

Sigesbeckia orientalis Extract Ameliorates the Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy by Downregulating the Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways

“…All of these situations provide evidence to explain that diabetic renal tissues were suffering from oxidative stress and inflammation. As demonstrated by Noordin et al [48], oral administration of an aqueous extract of the flowers of Etlingera elatior, a medicinal plant of the ginger family Zingiberaceae for 6 weeks, reduced blood sugar and inflammatory markers and enhanced antioxidant markers, thereby against diabetic nephropathy in rat. According to our experimental data, we believe that SOE rescued diabetic nephropathy through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities.…”

A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models

“…Other findings were also reported in the restoration of the enzymatic antioxidative defense system ( Table 1 ). These treatments include the methanolic extract of the leaves of Anogeissus acuminata (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for 56 days) administered to diabetic Wistar rats induced by 50 mg/kg of STZ [ 130 ]; the ethanolic extract of the buds and flowers of Cassia auriculata (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg orally per day for 21 days) administered to diabetic Wistar rats induced by HFD and 35 mg/kg of STZ [ 131 ]; the ethanolic extract of the stems and roots of Nerium oleander (200 mg/kg orally per day for 20 days) administered to diabetic Swiss albino mice induced by 150 mg/kg of alloxan [ 132 ]; the water extract of the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera (0.5% and 1% ( w / w ) orally per day for 42 days) administered to diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats induced by HFD and 35 mg/kg of STZ [ 119 ]; the hydroethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Ficus religiosa (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg orally per day for 45 days) administered to diabetic Wistar rats induced by 65 mg/kg of STZ and 230 mg/kg of nicotinamide [ 133 ]; the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Phyllanthus fraternus (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally per day for 14 days) administered to diabetic Wistar rats induced by 130 mg/kg of alloxan [ 134 ]; the aqueous extract of the flower of Etlingera elatior (1000 mg/kg orally per day for 42 days) administered to diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats induced by HFD and 35 mg/kg of STZ [ 135 ]; the methanolic extract of the aerial part Centaurium erythraea (100 mg/kg orally per day for 28 days) administered to diabetic Wistar rats induced by STZ (40 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days [ 136 ]; and the hydroalcoholic extracts of the aerial part of Thuja occidentalis (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg orally per day for 30 days) administered to diabetic Wistar rats induced by 65 mg/kg of STZ and 230 mg/kg of nicotinamide [ 137 ]. In general, these findings indicate the ability of plant extracts to reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the kidneys of DN models.…”

OPTIMASI RASIO VOLUME PELARUT DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP RENDEMEN EKSTRAK BATANG KECOMBRANG (Etlingera eltior) SERTA PROFIL METABOLIT SEKUNDER MENGGUNAKAN LC-MS/MS

“…Struktur senyawa biondinin A dapat dilihat pada Gambar 5. Gugus keton dalam stuktur ini dapat berinteraksi dengan binding site melalui ikatan hidrogen, dimana oksigen karbonil berperan sebagai akseptor ikatan hidrogen (Muchtaridi et al, 2018).…”

“…Gugus hidroksil (-OH) yang terdapat dalam struktur ini memiliki aktivitas sebagai antiseptik, antimikroba, anthelmintik dan keratolik (Siswandono dan Soekardjo, 2016). Selain itu, gugus hidroksil berperan dalam proses pembentukan ikatan obat dengan reseptor (Muchtaridi et al, 2018) Senyawa yang terdeteksi pada waktu retensi 7,8 menit adalah asam punisik dan pada waktu retensi 10.04 menit adalah asam malvalic. Kedua senyawa ini termasuk ke dalam golongan asam lemak tak jenuh (Casillas-Vargas et al, 2021).…”