Etioplast and etio-chloroplast formation under natural conditions: the dark side of chlorophyll biosynthesis in angiosperms

Solymosi, Katalin; Schoefs, Benoı̂t

doi:10.1007/s11120-010-9568-2

Cited by 169 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 283 publications

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“…Like leucoplasts, the etioplasts are long, flexible plastids that lack the structural rigidity of chloroplasts. Etioplasts are characterized by the presence of amorphous prolamellar bodies (Gunning, 1965;Kahn, 1968;Mackender, 1978;Murakami et al, 1985;Gunning, 2001;Solymosi and Schoefs, 2010). Our electron microscopybased observations performed on plants that were grown under conditions defined in previous reports confirm these differences in internal membrane organization between chloroplasts and etioplasts.…”

Section: Discussion Plastid Fusion: Assumption Versus Evidencesupporting

confidence: 83%

Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

et al. 2012

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Stroma-filled tubules named stromules are sporadic extensions of plastids. Earlier, photobleaching was used to demonstrate fluorescent protein diffusion between already interconnected plastids and formed the basis for suggesting that all plastids are able to form networks for exchanging macromolecules. However, a critical appraisal of literature shows that this conjecture is not supported by unequivocal experimental evidence. Here, using photoconvertible mEosFP, we created color differences between similar organelles that enabled us to distinguish clearly between organelle fusion and nonfusion events. Individual plastids, despite conveying a strong impression of interactivity and fusion, maintained well-defined boundaries and did not exchange fluorescent proteins. Moreover, the high pleomorphy of etioplasts from dark-grown seedlings, leucoplasts from roots, and assorted plastids in the accumulation and replication of chloroplasts5 (arc5), arc6, and phosphoglucomutase1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana suggested that a single plastid unit might be easily mistaken for interconnected plastids. Our observations provide succinct evidence to refute the long-standing dogma of interplastid connectivity. The ability to create and maintain a large number of unique biochemical factories in the form of singular plastids might be a key feature underlying the versatility of green plants as it provides increased internal diversity for them to combat a wide range of environmental fluctuations and stresses.

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Section: Discussion Plastid Fusion: Assumption Versus Evidencesupporting

confidence: 83%

Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

et al. 2012

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“…In the absence of light or under deep shade conditions, plants develop etiolation symptoms, such as the absence of Chl, reduced leaf size and hypocotyl elongation [5]. When the plants are exposed to light, chloroplast differentiation involves the accumulation of proteins, lipids and photosynthetic pigments [26].…”

Section: (B) Chloroplast Differentiation and De-differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolism

Darkó

Heydarizadeh

Schoefs

et al. 2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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338

208

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Providing an adequate quantity and quality of food for the escalating human population under changing climatic conditions is currently a great challenge. In outdoor cultures, sunlight provides energy (through photosynthesis) for photosynthetic organisms. They also use light quality to sense and respond to their environment. To increase the production capacity, controlled growing systems using artificial lighting have been taken into consideration. Recent development of light-emitting diode (LED) technologies presents an enormous potential for improving plant growth and making systems more sustainable. This review uses selected examples to show how LED can mimic natural light to ensure the growth and development of photosynthetic organisms, and how changes in intensity and wavelength can manipulate the plant metabolism with the aim to produce functionalized foods.

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“…It involves changes in gene expression together with the transcriptional and translational control of both nuclear and plastid genes. These genes can be regulated by anterograde and retrograde signals, the synthesis of necessary lipids and pigments, the import and routing of the nucleusencoded proteins into plastids, protein-lipid interactions, the insertion of proteins into the plastid membranes, and the assembly into functional complexes (Vothknecht and Westhoff, 2001;Baena-González and Aro, 2002;Kota et al, 2002;Stern et al, 2004;López-Juez, 2007;Waters and Langdale, 2009;Solymosi and Schoefs, 2010;Adam et al, 2011;Pogson and Albrecht, 2011;Ling et al, 2012;Jarvis and López-Juez, 2013;Lyska et al, 2013;Belcher et al, 2015;Börner et al, 2015;Dall'Osto et al, 2015;Ling and Jarvis, 2015;Rast et al, 2015;Sun and Zerges, 2015;Yang et al, 2015). Chloroplast biogenesis is highly integrated with cell and plant development, especially with photomorphogenesis (Pogson et al, 2015), and is controlled by cellular and organismal regulatory mechanisms such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (Jarvis and López-Juez, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Tubular-Lamellar Transformation of the Internal Plastid Membrane Network during Runner Bean Chloroplast Biogenesis

et al. 2016

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Chloroplast biogenesis is a complex process that is integrated with plant development, leading to fully differentiated and functionally mature plastids. In this work, we used electron tomography and confocal microscopy to reconstruct the process of structural membrane transformation during the etioplast-to-chloroplast transition in runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus). During chloroplast development, the regular tubular network of paracrystalline prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and the flattened porous membranes of prothylakoids develop into the chloroplast thylakoids. Three-dimensional reconstruction is required to provide us with a more complete understanding of this transformation. We provide spatial models of the bean chloroplast biogenesis that allow such reconstruction of the internal membranes of the developing chloroplast and visualize the transformation from the tubular arrangement to the linear system of parallel lamellae. We prove that the tubular structure of the PLB transforms directly to flat slats, without dispersion to vesicles. We demonstrate that the grana/stroma thylakoid connections have a helical character starting from the early stages of appressed membrane formation. Moreover, we point out the importance of particular chlorophyll-protein complex components in the membrane stacking during the biogenesis. The main stages of chloroplast internal membrane biogenesis are presented in a movie that shows the time development of the chloroplast biogenesis as a dynamic model of this process.

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Etioplast and etio-chloroplast formation under natural conditions: the dark side of chlorophyll biosynthesis in angiosperms

Cited by 169 publications

References 283 publications

Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolism

Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Tubular-Lamellar Transformation of the Internal Plastid Membrane Network during Runner Bean Chloroplast Biogenesis

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