Etiopathogenesis of vaginal discharge among married women in reproductive age group residing in rural area of Bhojipura District, Western Uttar Pradesh

Agrawal, Monica; Nigam, Nitu; Goel, Ruchica; Goel, Jai Kishan; Shukla, Mukesh

doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20192638

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Besides physical examination, direct examinations included vaginal pH tests using pH paper and the whiff test to detect BV; a fish odor after treating samples with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) indicates positive results [10] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on vaginitis among pregnant and non-pregnant females in Alexandria, Egypt: An unexpected high rate of mixed vaginal infection

Shawaky,

Al Shammari,

Sewelliam

et al. 2022

AIMSMICRO

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<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> Many infectious and noninfectious triggers lead to inflammation of the vagina. </sec><sec> <title>Aim</title> We investigated the prevalence of causative vaginitis microorganisms in 516 pregnant and nonpregnant female volunteers. Vaginal samples were examined microscopically, cultured and tested for different pathogens. </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> Of the participants, 310 (60.1%) were pregnant, whereas 206 (39.9%) were nonpregnant. Using Amsel's criteria and Nugent's scores, bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed in 59.1%, and the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) was 50.2% in the population. <italic>Candida</italic> infections were significantly higher in nonpregnant females (p value ≤ 0.01), and 24% of females had mixed infections. The most common mixed infection was BV and <italic>Candida</italic> spp., detected in 21% of the cases. </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions</title> Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis. We observed that 24% of females experienced mixed infections, and <italic>Candida albicans</italic> was the most common fungal species causing VVC. <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis</italic> prevalence was underestimated using wet mounts. </sec></abstract>

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on vaginitis among pregnant and non-pregnant females in Alexandria, Egypt: An unexpected high rate of mixed vaginal infection

Shawaky,

Al Shammari,

Sewelliam

et al. 2022

AIMSMICRO

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“…The etiology and risk factors favoring reproductive tract infections whether biosocial or biological are studied. 4 Complications of sexually transmitted infections are devastating in women as compared to men. The most common RTI reported is vaginitis and the resulting etiology in 90% of cases is bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of common organisms causing vaginal discharge in sexually active women in reproductive age group.

Ramejo¹,

Soomro

Sadaf

et al. 2021

TPMJ

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Objective: To determine the frequency of organisms causing vaginal discharge. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit-II of Kausar Hospital Khairpur Mirs, Sindh. Period: 23rd, October 2019 to 22nd January 2020. Material & Methods: Study population include sexually active females aged 18-45 visiting to the OPD for complain of vaginal discharge. A complete history and examination was done for assessment of the patient for reproductive tract infections. Results: In one year time period 420 females reported to the OPD of the hospital. Out of total 1783 patients, 23.5% patients (n=420) had complaint of vaginal discharge. Out of 420 patients enrolled in the study, 43.8% (n=184) patients were diagnosed having non-infective vaginal discharge. Bacterial vaginosis had the highest prevalence among common reproductive tract infection estimating about 46.1% (n=109) cases. Conclusion: Multiple researches must be conducted on large scale to determine the actual ratio of reproductive tract infections in sexually active females. Furthermore awareness session should be delivered to the rural and urban population. Awareness to women regarding their sexual health and their positive influence on society should be given.

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Abnormal Vaginal Discharge in Reproductive Age Group Women With Special Implication to Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Species

Anuradha

Rama²,

Sreevani

2022

PIJR

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Introduction And Background: Vaginal discharge is a common complaint in reproductive age group women2. Vaginal discharge is one of the common reasons in women of reproductive age group seeking gynecological consultation. It is the second most common clinical problem after menstrual disorders. Globally, it is estimated that one in ten women will present with vaginal discharge in the course of one year and approximately, ten million office visits each year are attributed to vaginal discharge complaints. The prevalence of vaginal discharge in India is estimated to be 30%3. Ÿ Abnormal vaginal discharge predisposes to significant morbidity to the women in the form of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, endometriosis, cuff cellulitis, urethral syndrome, pregnancy loss, and preterm labour.5 Ÿ Certain conditions such as prolonged use of combined oral contraceptive, pregnancy, malnutrition, diabetes, neutropenia, prolonged antibiotic therapy, candida become pathogenic and causes candidiasis.8 Ÿ Isolation, identification, characterization, and susceptibility of candida species became critical management of fungal infections.9 Need For The Study: The study was done to emphasize the role of laboratory investigations in patients with vaginitis, as presumptive clinical diagnosis alone can lead to false interpretation and treatment mismanagement. TheMethods: present study is a cross sectional observational study conducted from January 2019 to February 2020 for about a period of one year among 300 women aged 15-49 years with vaginal discharge attending gynecology OPD, Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati. This study included 300 subjects with a mean age of 30.4 ± 7.26 years. Nearly halfResults: of (49.33%) our study population was aged between 25 to 34years, a majority (47%) of women had bacterial vaginosis, followed by Candida in 39.33%, trichomonas vaginalis in 14.33%, mixed infections in 6.67% and 6% with no organisms. Among Candida species, 48.31% of participants had candida albicans, 23.73% had candida tropicalis, 19.49% had candida krusei, and 8.47% had candida glabrata, and of them 38.33% participants had voriconazole sensitivity, 32.33% participants had ketoconazole sensitivity, 26% participants had clotrimazole sensitivity, and 21.33% participants had fluconazole sensitivity. Among 118 candida infected 106 (89.83%) participants came for follow-up, of which symptoms subsided in 90 (84.91%) participants. In conclusion, our study with 300 women patients complaining ofConclusion: vaginal discharge found a majority of them belonging to the sexually active age group. Vaginal discharge was more prevalent in lower economic status and rural areas. Bacterial vaginosis was the most common and frequent etiology, followed by Candida. TV was the least common etiology for vaginal discharge.

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Etiopathogenesis of vaginal discharge among married women in reproductive age group residing in rural area of Bhojipura District, Western Uttar Pradesh

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

A study on vaginitis among pregnant and non-pregnant females in Alexandria, Egypt: An unexpected high rate of mixed vaginal infection

A study on vaginitis among pregnant and non-pregnant females in Alexandria, Egypt: An unexpected high rate of mixed vaginal infection

Frequency of common organisms causing vaginal discharge in sexually active women in reproductive age group.

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge in Reproductive Age Group Women With Special Implication to Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Species

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