Etiology of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Azegami, Hideyuki; Murachi, S; Kitoh, Junzoh; Ishida, Yoshito; Kawakami, Noriaki; Makino, Mitsunori

doi:10.1097/00003086-199812000-00029

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The authors suggested that missing components may be muscles or asymmetric growth modulation of vertebral bodies. Different biomechanical models of the spine have also tested the AIS pathogenesis concept of asymmetrical ver-tebral body growth, where the anterior part of the vertebral body grows faster compared to its posterior region [5,32]. However, they do not integrate the self-sustaining deforming process of growth modulation consequent to the altered distribution of spinal loads due to the asymmetrical growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical simulations of the spine deformation process in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from different pathogenesis hypotheses

Villemure

Aubin

Dansereau

et al. 2004

European Spine Journal

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IntroductionAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex threedimensional (3D) anomaly of the spine involving lateral deviations in the frontal plane, modifications of the sagittal profile, spinal torsion and transverse plane deformations [16,21,23]. There is still no generally accepted scientific theory for its etiology [7,16,21,23]. The pathogenesis of AIS is not clearly defined regarding either how Abstract It is generally recognized that progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) evolves within a selfsustaining biomechanical process involving asymmetrical growth modulation of vertebrae due to altered spinal load distribution. A biomechanical finite element model of normal thoracic and lumbar spine integrating vertebral growth was used to simulate the progression of spinal deformities over 24 months. Five pathogenesis hypotheses of AIS were represented, using an initial geometrical eccentricity (gravity line imbalance of 3 mm or 2°rotation) at the thoracic apex to trigger the self-sustaining deformation process. For each simulation, regional (thoracic Cobb angle, kyphosis) and local scoliotic descriptors (axial rotation and wedging of the thoracic apical vertebra) were evaluated at each growth cycle. The simulated AIS pathogeneses resulted in the development of different scoliotic deformities. Imbalance of 3 mm in the frontal plane, combined or not with the sagittal plane, resulted in the closest representation of typical scoliotic deformities, with the thoracic Cobb angle progressing up to 39°(26°when a sagittal offset was added). The apical vertebral rotation increased by 7°t owards the convexity of the curve, while the apical wedging increased to 8.5°(7.3°with the sagittal eccentricity) and this deformity evolved towards the vertebral frontal plane. A sole eccentricity in the sagittal plane generated a non-significant frontal plane deformity. Simulations involving an initial rotational shift (2°) in the transverse plane globally produced relatively small and nontypical scoliotic deformations. Overall, the thoracic segment predominantly was sensitive to imbalances in the frontal plane, although unidirectional geometrical eccentricities in different planes produced three-dimensional deformities at the regional and vertebral levels, and their deformities did not cumulate when combined. These results support the hypothesis of a prime lesion involving the precarious balance in the frontal plane, which could concomitantly be associated with a hypokyphotic component. They also suggest that coupling mechanisms are involved in the deformation process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical simulations of the spine deformation process in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from different pathogenesis hypotheses

Villemure

Aubin

Dansereau

et al. 2004

European Spine Journal

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show abstract

“…It has been observed that scoliotic subjects have straightened thoracic curvatures and anterior weight bearing of the thoracic cage (anterior translation=Tz) [3]. Additionally, these subjects often have a low shoulder (thoracic lateral flexion=Rz) and thoracic side shift (lateral translation=Tx) [3,7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, these subjects often have a low shoulder (thoracic lateral flexion=Rz) and thoracic side shift (lateral translation=Tx) [3,7]. Thus, there are some abnormal postures of the thoracic cage, as rotations and translations, which are often associated with scoliotic deformity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a computer analysis to determine 3-D rotations and translations of the rib cage in upright posture from three 2-D digital images

Harrison

Janik²,

Cailliet

et al. 2006

Eur Spine J

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IntroductionHuman thoracic cage posture has been of interest since ancient times, especially deformities of the rib cage [20,25,35,36,45]. In his classic texts, Breig [8][9][10] showed that human postures can cause adverse mechanical tension on the central nervous system, thus correlating abnormal posture with disease. During the past century, thoracic posture (axial translation) has been associated with the treatment of disc degeneration and prolapse [13,37,50]. Abstract Since thoracic cage posture affects lumbar spine coupling and loads on the spinal tissues and extremities, a scientific analysis of upright posture is needed. Common posture analyzers measure human posture as displacements from a plumb line, while the PosturePrintä claims to measure head, rib cage, and pelvic postures as rotations and translations. In this study, it was decided to evaluate the validity of the PosturePrintä Internet computer system's analysis of thoracic cage postures. In a university biomechanics laboratory, photographs of a mannequin thoracic cage were obtained in different postures on a stand in front of a digital camera. For each mannequin posture, three photographs were obtained (left lateral, right lateral, and AP). The mannequin thoracic cage was placed in 68 different single and combined postures (requiring 204 photographs) in five degrees of freedom: lateral translation (Tx), lateral flexion (Rz), axial rotation (Ry), flexion-extension (Rx), and anteriorposterior translation (Tz). The PosturePrintä system requires 13 reflective markers to be placed on the subject (mannequin) during photography and 16 additional ''click-on'' markers via computer mouse before a set of three photographs is analyzed by the PosturePrintä computer system over the Internet. Errors were the differences between the positioned mannequin and the calculated positions from the computer system. Average absolute value errors were obtained by comparing the exact inputted posture to the PosturePrintä's computed values. Mean and standard deviation of computational errors for sagittal displacements of the thoracic cage were Rx=0.3±0.1°, Tz=1.6±0.7 mm, and for frontal view displacements were Ry=1.2±1.0°, Rz=0.6±0.4°, and Tx=1.5±0.6 mm. The PosturePrintä system is sufficiently accurate in measuring thoracic cage postures in five degrees of freedom on a mannequin indicating the need for a further study on human subjects.

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“…Historically, it seems that the postural analysis, as used clinically, is restricted to lateral flexion (Rz), with a minimal evaluation of flexion-extension (Rx) and sagittal balance (Jackson RP, McManus AC., 1994). It has been observed that scoliotic subjects have straightened thoracic curvatures and anterior weight bearing of the thoracic cage (anterior translation=Tz) (Azegami H et al, 1998). Additionally, these subjects often have a low shoulder (thoracic lateral flexion=Rz) and thoracic side shift (lateral translation=Tx) (Azegami H et al, 1998; den Boer WA et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been observed that scoliotic subjects have straightened thoracic curvatures and anterior weight bearing of the thoracic cage (anterior translation=Tz) (Azegami H et al, 1998). Additionally, these subjects often have a low shoulder (thoracic lateral flexion=Rz) and thoracic side shift (lateral translation=Tx) (Azegami H et al, 1998; den Boer WA et al, 1999). We decided to conduct this study because we think that the relationship between posture and balance is of great interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between posture and balance in 19-20-year-old Albanian students

Bogdani¹,

Pano²

2016

jhse

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Postural control (or balance) can be defined statically as the ability to maintain a base of support with minimal movement, and dynamically as the ability to perform a task while maintaining a stable position (C. J. Winstein, E. R). The development of equilibrium capacities is known to be critical for both the acquisition and the control of motor skills (Massion. J., 1992). Since balance control is an essential component for the optimal functioning of any locomotors system (Winter DA et al., 1990), gait and balance control together needs to be investigated in order to correct inappropriate performance and prevent injury. This study focus was to investigate the correlation between posture and balance changes in normal and healthy adolescent's (boys and girls). A total of 61 subjects (21 females and 40 males) aged 19-20-year-old students, participated on this study. We have conducted a postural screening, which included digital photography in 4 plans (anterior view, right lateral view, posterior view, left lateral view) and postural evaluation with Posture Screen Mobile program were done, was also performed a set of 4 balance tests BT (Balance Test) a) (Rom EO); b) (Rom EC); c) (SemTanEO); d) (SemTanEC); e) (TanEO); f) (TanEC), on Leonardo Mechanography Platform. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 2.0. Results shows that generally all subjects have a good balance and orientation level in all tests (with open and closed eyes). Also based on the results we can say that the correlation between posture and balance changes in ages 19-20 it's really relevant. The posture screening and the analysis of balance are of great importance in studies trying to understand the ageing process. Also differences between genders are of great interest especially if a proper exercise program focused in postural improvement can be implemented.

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Etiology of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Cited by 44 publications

References 18 publications

Biomechanical simulations of the spine deformation process in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from different pathogenesis hypotheses

Biomechanical simulations of the spine deformation process in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from different pathogenesis hypotheses

Validation of a computer analysis to determine 3-D rotations and translations of the rib cage in upright posture from three 2-D digital images

Correlation between posture and balance in 19-20-year-old Albanian students

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