Etiology of epidemic outbreaks COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei province, Chinese People Republic associated with 2019-nCoV (<i>Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, Coronavirinae, Betacoronavirus</i>, Subgenus <i>Sarbecovirus</i>): lessons of SARS-CoV outbreak

Abstract

Results of analysis of phylogenetic, virological, epidemiological, ecological, clinical data of COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, China (PRC) in comparison with SARS-2002 and MERS-2012 outbreaks allow to conclude:– the etiological agent of COVID-19 is coronavirus (2019-CoV), phylogenetically close to the SARS-CoV, isolated from human, and SARS-related viruses isolated from bats (SARS-related bat CoV viruses). These viruses belong to the Sarbecovirus subgenus, Betacoronavirus genus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, Coronaviridae family (Cornidovirinea: Nidovirales). COVID-19 is a variant of SARS-2002 and is different from MERS-2012 outbreak, which were caused by coronavirus belonged to the subgenus Merbecovirus of the same genus;– according to the results of phylogenetic analysis of 35 different betacoronaviruses, isolated from human and from wild animals in 2002-2019, the natural source of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV (2002) is bats of Rhinolophus genus (Rhinolophidae) and, probably, some species of other genera. An additional reservoir of the virus could be an intermediate animal species (snakes, civet, hedgehogs, badgers, etc.) that are infected by eating of infected bats. SARS-like coronaviruses circulated in bats in the interepidemic period (2003-2019);– seasonal coronaviruses (subgenus Duvinacovirus, Alphacoronavirus) are currently circulating (November 2019– January 2020) in the European part of Russia, Urals, Siberia and the Far East of Russia, along with the influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and В, as well as six other respiratory viruses (HPIV, HAdV, HRSV, HRV, HBoV, and HMPV)

Awareness regarding COVID-19 among health workers at Kastamonu education and research hospital

“…Phylogenetic and virological examinations of COVID-19 show us that the disease is of viral origin. We asked healthcare workers about this common information in our survey, and as expected, many of them stated that COVID-19 was a viral disease [2]. In their study, Stephen A Lauer and colleagues determined the incubation period of coronavirus to be 5.1-11.5 days for COVID-19 disease.…”

The next‐generation coronavirus diagnostic techniques with particular emphasis on the SARS‐CoV‐2

“…Decoding the full‐length genome of some coronaviruses, particularly the MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2, is paving the way for the development of novel diagnostic assays, vaccines, and antiviral therapeutic 24,76 . The NGS is playing an important role in studying the ecology and epidemiology of many coronaviruses in humans and animals 77,78 . The NGS enables the discovery of novel coronaviruses as well as the study of the diversity among the known coronaviruses 1,6,58 .…”

Analysis of Promising Approaches to COVID-19 Vaccine Development

“…На начало ноября 2020 г. в мире зарегистрировано 50 млн случаев заболевания 2 . Даже с учетом того, что реальное количество больных COVID-19 намного выше, тем не менее оно недостаточно для формирования коллективного иммунитета, который будет препятствовать дальнейшему распространению заболевания.…”

“…Очевидно, что карантинные мероприятия способны лишь в какой-то мере ограничить распространение заболевания COVID-19 [2], поэтому актуальным является вопрос о создании специфических средств профилактики в отношении данной нозологической формы, направленных на искусственное формирование популяционного иммунитета против COVID-19. Трансмиссия вируса SARS-CoV-2 может быть блокирована посредством коллективного иммунитета, приобретенного при иммунизации определенной доли популяции, при этом вакцина защищает не только подвергшегося вакцинации, но и косвенно неиммунизированных людей.…”

“…ВОЗ. https://www.euro.who.int/ru/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/01/novel-coronavirus-emerges-in-china 2 WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int 3 Grenfell R, Drew T. Here's why it's taking so long to develop a vaccine for the new coronavirus.…”