Etiology of Acquired Hammertoe Deformity

Finite-element simulation of flexor digitorum longus or flexor digitorum brevis tendon transfer for the treatment of claw toe deformity

“…The reason for dorsiflexion of the MPJ has been suggested by several authors (Coughlin and Mann, 1993;Richardson, 1992;Scheck, 1977;Engle and Morton, 1931). Scheck (1977) describes a linear relationship between the incidence of hammer/claw toe deformity and type of footwear, age and gender. Women appear to be more commonly affected than men.…”

“…In the literature, these terms are often used interchangeable since both types of deformities affect the MPJ (Coughlin, 2002). The reason for dorsiflexion of the MPJ has been suggested by several authors (Coughlin and Mann, 1993;Richardson, 1992;Scheck, 1977;Engle and Morton, 1931). Scheck (1977) describes a linear relationship between the incidence of hammer/claw toe deformity and type of footwear, age and gender.…”

“…Women appear to be more commonly affected than men. Muscular imbalance (Scheck, 1977) and ineffectiveness of the intrinsic flexors (Taylor, 1951) have also been implicated.…”

Reseksjon i proksimale falang ved hammertå

“…Det var langt flere kvinner enn menn i vårt materiale (86 %), noe man også ser i andre studier (75-99 % kvinner) (1,4,5,13). Bruk av sko med høy hael som gir hyperekstensjon av proksimale falang gjennom hele gangsyklusen, har vaert antatt som hyppigste årsak til kvinnedominansen (1,(14)(15)(16).…”

Hammertoes and Clawtoes: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Correction

“…2 Hammertoe and clawtoe deformities occur with simultaneous contracture of the long flexors and extensors of the toe, with imbalance and overpowering of the intrinsic muscles. 3 The extensor digitorum longus tendon divides into 3 slips over the proximal phalanx. The middle slips inserts onto the base of the middle phalanx and the 2 lateral slips pass lateral and converge to form the terminal tendon inserting on the base of the distal phalanx (Fig.…”