Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Brar, Tony; Hilgenfeldt, Eric; Soldevila-Pico, Consuelo

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68082-8_1

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…Chronic hepatitis B and C are the most common etiologies associated with HCC in adults, followed by alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [ 38 ].…”

Section: Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis-related Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the opposite to what is observed in adults, in children, HCC often develops in a non-cirrhotic setting. In Western countries, pediatric liver cancers were reported to occur in patients with PFIC; notably, 5–15% of children with PFIC2 present HCC early, from 13 to 28 months of age [ 38 , 39 , 40 ], but several cases are well described in infants with TJP2 disease (PFIC4) and MDR3 deficiency (PFIC3) [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis-related Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetics in Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis: Clinical Patterns and Development of Liver and Biliary Cancers: A Review of the Literature

Vitale

Mattiaccio

Conti

et al. 2022

Cancers

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The family of inherited intrahepatic cholestasis includes autosomal recessive cholestatic rare diseases of childhood involved in bile acids secretion or bile transport defects. Specific genetic pathways potentially cause many otherwise unexplained cholestasis or hepatobiliary tumours in a healthy liver. Lately, next-generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing have improved the diagnostic procedures of familial intrahepatic cholestasis (FIC), as well as the discovery of several genes responsible for FIC. Moreover, mutations in these genes, even in the heterozygous status, may be responsible for cryptogenic cholestasis in both young and adults. Mutations in FIC genes can influence serum and hepatic levels of bile acids. Experimental studies on the NR1H4 gene have shown that high bile acids concentrations cause excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, resistance to apoptosis, and increased cell regeneration, all risk conditions for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). NR1H4 gene encodes farnesoid X-activated receptor having a pivotal role in bile salts synthesis. Moreover, HCC and CCA can emerge in patients with several FIC genes such as ABCB11, ABCB4 and TJP2. Herein, we reviewed the available data on FIC-related hepatobiliary cancers, reporting on genetics to the pathophysiology, the risk factors and the clinical presentation.

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“…Chronic hepatitis B and C are the most common etiologies associated with HCC in adults, followed by alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [ 38 ].…”

Section: Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis-related Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis-related Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics in Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis: Clinical Patterns and Development of Liver and Biliary Cancers: A Review of the Literature

Vitale

Mattiaccio

Conti

et al. 2022

Cancers

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“…Chronic hepatitis B and C are by far the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma, followed by alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (9)(10)(11). Hepatitis B DNA levels in excess of 200,000 IU/mL (1,000,000 copies/mL) have been reported to increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma to 1,152 per 100,000 individuals (12,13).…”

Section: Etiology and Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults

Thiesen

2021

Liver Cancer

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Hepatocellular carcinomas are the most common primary neoplasia of the liver. The global distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma is related to the prevalence of hepatitis C in the population. Other major etiologic factors include alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The majority of cases are discovered when screening patients with either chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, but occasional incidental cases have been reported. Molecular markers and associated gene alterations are a work in progress. Serological markers and radiology are used to detect the disease in high-risk populations, and to monitor response to therapy in the affected patients. Even though radiologic features are specific, tissue diagnosis may be required, particularly for atypical and smaller lesions. Ancillary studies including reticulin stain and immunohistochemistry are important for confirmatory diagnosis. Liver transplantation is curative for hepatocellular carcinoma, but due to limitations in organ availability, palliative care is required, which mostly includes chemoembolization and radio-ablation.

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“…Patients with HCC usually have poor prognosis and high mortality rates, even in developed countries [ 2 ]. Until now, the pathogenesis of HCC has not been fully understood, but it is known so far that it is influenced by hepatitis B and C virus infections and also influenced by environmental factors (smoking, alcohol, aflatoxin B1) [ 3 ]. It is known that there are differences in the risk of HCC within each person, in which case the host factor has an important role [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between five types of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α gene polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Background Research focusing on the relationship between five types of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) SNPs and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were still controversial. Hereby, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the association between TNF-α promoter SNPs: -1031 T/C, − 863 C/A, − 857 C/T, − 308 G/A, and − 238 G/A with HCC risk. Methods We interrogated articles from journal database: PubMed, Pro-Quest, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Springer to determine the relationship between five types of SNPs in TNF-α gene with HCC risk. RevMan 5.3 software was used for analysis in fixed/random effect models. Results This meta-analysis included 23 potential articles from 2004 to 2018 with 3237 HCC cases and 4843 controls. We found that SNP − 863 C/A were associated with a significantly increased HCC risk (A vs C, OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.03–1.67). Similar results were obtained in − 857 C/T (TT/CT vs CC, OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06–1.62), − 308 G/A (AA vs GG, OR = 3.14, 95% CI = 2.06–4.79), and − 238 G/A (AA vs GG, OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.32–11.34). While no associations were observed between SNP TNF-α − 1031 T/C and HCC risk. Conclusions The present meta-analysis showed that TNFα SNPs -863C/A, − 857 C/T, − 308 G/A, and − 238 G/A were associated with the risk of HCC.

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Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cited by 6 publications

References 105 publications

Genetics in Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis: Clinical Patterns and Development of Liver and Biliary Cancers: A Review of the Literature

Genetics in Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis: Clinical Patterns and Development of Liver and Biliary Cancers: A Review of the Literature

Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults

Association between five types of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α gene polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis

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