Etiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in children in Hanoi, Vietnam

Nguyen, Trung Vu; Van, Phung Le; Huy, Chinh Le; Gia, Khanh Nguyen; Weintraub, Andrej

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.05.009

Cited by 110 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The majority of children treated were 2 years old or younger (214/366, 58.5 %), which is consistent with the age considered most susceptible to diarrhoeal diseases worldwide (Podewils et al, 2004;Vu Nguyen et al, 2006). The group treated were considered to be similar with respect to their age (P50.787, Student's t-test).…”

Section: Population Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Campylobacter jejuni infection and virulence-associated genes in children with moderate to severe diarrhoea admitted to emergency rooms in northeastern Brazil

Quetz

Lima

Havt

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Campylobacter is an important cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. We determined the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, using culture-based methods and PCRs targeting virulence-associated genes (VAGs) among children aged ¡14 years who were treated for diarrhoea at emergency rooms in northeastern Brazil. Genomic DNA was extracted directly from stool samples collected from 366 children. A questionnaire was also applied to qualify the clinical conditions presented by each child at the time of admission. C. jejuni and C. coli were detected in 16.4 % (60/366) and 1.4 % (5/366) of the diarrhoeal samples, respectively, by PCR, a much higher proportion than that detected by conventional methods. C. jejuni VAGs were detected in the following proportions of hipO-positive samples: ciaB, 95 % (57/60); dnaJ, 86.7 % (52/60); racR, 98.3 % (59/60); flaA, 80 % (48/60); pldA, 45 % (27/60); cdtABC, 95 % (57/60); and pVir 0 % (0/ 60). Particular symptoms, such as blood in faeces, vomiting, fever, and/or abdominal pain, were not associated with detection of C. jejuni nor were they associated with any particular VAG or combination of VAGs (P.0.05). C. jejuni and its VAGs were detected in a substantial proportion of the children admitted. Further efforts shall be directed towards elucidating whether these genetic factors or their expressed proteins play a role in Campylobacter pathogenesis. INTRODUCTIONThe genus Campylobacter, a group of thermotolerant, microaerophilic, Gram-negative bacteria, includes a number of pathogens that primarily cause gastrointestinal disease in humans, particularly Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Campylobacter-associated gastroenteritis is thought to occur through zoonotic transmission, being acquired from exposure to tainted food and/or contaminated drinking water (Sherman et al., 2010). Campylobacter infection frequently presents as self-limiting acute enteritis with diarrhoea, malaise, fever and abdominal pain, sometimes with vomiting and the presence of blood in faeces (Allos, 2001); disruption of epithelial cells and inflammation of the intestinal mucosa are hallmark features of severe cases (Beltinger et al., 2008). C. jejuni and C. coli cause significant morbidity worldwide, especially in children (Amieva, 2005;Tam et al., 2003;Wang et al., 2008; Fernández et al., 2008).Adherence and colonization are crucial steps in the pathogenesis of C. jejuni. Flagella have a major role in invasion; markedly reduced internalization in vitro has been reported with flaA 2 C. jejuni mutants (Wassenaar, 1997). The genes racR and dnaJ are determinants for C. jejuni colonization and are presumably expressed in response to conditions encountered in the intestinal microenviroment, such as differences in temperature between environmental reservoirs and human intestines (Konkel et al., 1998; Brás et al., 1999 antigen B protein, which confers invasive properties, as shown by C. jejuni ciaB null mutants which display a significant reduction in internalization (Konkel et al., 1999). Also, ...

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Section: Population Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Campylobacter jejuni infection and virulence-associated genes in children with moderate to severe diarrhoea admitted to emergency rooms in northeastern Brazil

Quetz

Lima

Havt

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…The combination of both approaches will help in improving sanitation status, creating demand of sanitation and improving hand washing which are proven to be effective in reducing diarrhoeal diseases. 8,29 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Various social and environmental factors such as contaminated food/fluid, improper personal hygiene, waste disposal and feeding practices facilitate the transmission. [6][7][8][9] It is found that 44% of total diarrhoeal cases were attributed to improper/lack of hand washing; 88% to open defecation; and 30-60% to environmental sanitation. 10 Since the majority of Nepalese (73%) lack access to basic sanitation, improving sanitation condition is likely to have a great impact in reducing diarrhoeal diseases in Nepal.…”

Section: Review Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies suggested a remarkable redution in childhood diarrhoeal through social and environmental intervention, evaluation of such interventions has not been done in Nepal. [6][7][8][9] The momentum of handwashing, open defeacation free declaration, and toilet construction has been going throughout the country, yet there is a need to look at the modality of such successful environmental and social measures. 13,14 None of the previously published studies suggested a suitable model of intervention in Nepalese context.…”

Section: Review Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Non Medical Interventions for Childhood Diarrhoea Control:Way Forward in Nepal

Khanal

Bhandari²,

Karkee

2015

Kathmandu Univ. Med. J.

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“…23 Additional testing for enterotoxigenic, entero-haemorrhagic and entero-aggregative E. coli, as well as immunological assays and PCR detection methods for parasites and viruses, are required to completely evaluate the spectrum of diarrhoeal disease in future studies. [24][25][26] This study was undertaken before a large outbreak of diarrhoeal disease in infants in Botswana which coincided with heavy rains and found that cryptosporidium and entero-pathogenic E. coli were common, and formulafeeding was strongly associated with infant mortality. 27 As far as we know, this is the first study to use molecular techniques to test for multiple viral and atypical pathogens and compare the organisms associated with pneumonia by both infant HIV infection and randomized feeding status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%