Ethylene vinyl acetate polymer as a tool for passive sampling monitoring of hydrophobic chemicals in the salmon farm industry

Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review

“…Other discharges monitored, resulted from paper mills (dioxins and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)) [144,145], wastewater treatment (triclocarban, synthetic musk's, PCBs and pesticides) [146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154], smelters (dioxins) [114] and human settlements in Antarctica (PAHs) [155]. Dispersal of pollutants resulting from activities in the water column included, salvage operations (PAHs) [156], oil spills (PAHs) [157] and pisciculture (PCBs and pesticides) [158,159]. Dispersal through atmospheric deposition was also monitored at varying distances from oil sands operations (PAHs) [160].…”

Fate of Pyrethroids in Freshwater and Marine Environments

“…For [53], numbers were graphically read on Fig. 4 in [35] Many studies reported pyrethroid concentrations in total water samples: the water collected is directly adsorbed on a SPE cartridge or is directly solvent-extracted, without previous filtration [12,17,22,30]. Therefore, in these reports, both dissolved and particle-bound pyrethroids are jointly extracted and reported.…”

Passive samplers of hydrophobic organic chemicals reach equilibrium faster in the laboratory than in the field

“…Similarly, Tucca et al (2014) assumed that equilibration times obtained in the laboratory were the same as in the field. These authors studied the uptake of cypermethrin by 0.058 cm 3 poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) in the dark, using 1.5 L ultra-pure water at pH=7.…”

“…The calibration parameters can subsequently be used for estimating concentrations of freely dissolved HOCs in the environment, provided that the results of laboratory experiments are properly interpreted and translated to the field, where different flow and temperature conditions may prevail. However, problems with interpreting times to equilibrium in laboratory studies using static exposure designs is a recurring concern (Gustafson and Dickhut, 1997;Prest et al, 1998;Tucca et al, 2014), because equilibrium attainment for laboratory based exposures (closed systems) typically is much faster than for field exposures (open systems). The reason for the shorter equilibration times can be qualitatively understood by considering that equilibrium attainment in a closed system is promoted by depletion of the water as well as by accumulation by the sampler.…”