Ethylene Evolution and Ammonium Accumulation by Tomato Plants after Root-Applied Glufosinate-Ammonium Treatment in the Presence of Ethylene Inhibitors

NRT1.1-Related NH4+ Toxicity Is Associated with a Disturbed Balance between NH4+ Uptake and Assimilation

“…4, A and B) suggest that the pathway for N assimilation regulated by NRT1.1 is perturbed by high concentrations of NH 4 + . Numerous studies have demonstrated the combined effects of ethylene production and NH 4 + accumulation in the development of NH 4 + toxicity symptoms in plants (You and Barker, 2005;Li et al, 2011Li et al, , 2013. Ethylene production could be the link between NH 4 + accumulation and the symptoms of NH 4 + toxicity, as the inhibition of ethylene production ameliorated the symptoms of NH 4 + toxicity even when NH 4 + concentration in leaves was high (Li et al, 2013).…”

The ArabidopsisAMOT1/EIN3gene plays an important role in the amelioration of ammonium toxicity

“…Several important physiological processes have been linked to excessive NH 4 + exposure, such as ionic imbalance, relationships with carbon biochemistry, energy consumption, and modifications of hormonal balance (Britto and Kronzucker, 2002; Coskun et al , 2013). Ethylene production has been shown to increase linearly with tissue NH 4 + accumulation (Barker, 1999 a ), concurrent with the development of toxicity symptoms (You and Barker, 2002, 2005). In addition, the application of ethylene synthesis and ethylene action inhibitors can ameliorate NH 4 + toxicity symptoms (Barker and Corey, 1991; Feng and Barker, 1992 a , b ; You and Barker, 2005; G. Li et al , 2013).…”

“…Ethylene production has been shown to increase linearly with tissue NH 4 + accumulation (Barker, 1999 a ), concurrent with the development of toxicity symptoms (You and Barker, 2002, 2005). In addition, the application of ethylene synthesis and ethylene action inhibitors can ameliorate NH 4 + toxicity symptoms (Barker and Corey, 1991; Feng and Barker, 1992 a , b ; You and Barker, 2005; G. Li et al , 2013). Ethylene is synthesized from S -adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM) via 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).…”

Root growth inhibition by NH4+ in Arabidopsis is mediated by the root tip and is linked to NH4+ efflux and GMPase activity

“…1997; Britto & Kronzucker 2002). Moreover, NH 4 + ‐mediated inhibition of primary root development have been suggested to be linked to auxin transport or signalling pathways when plants were reared in low‐K + media (Cao, Glass & Crawford 1993), and ethylene evolution has been observed in seedlings that accumulate excessive NH 4 + in shoots (Barker 1999; You & Barker 2004).…”