Ethyl Vanillin Protects against Kidney Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Abstract

Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis is regarded as a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Treating diabetes-induced kidney damage and renal dysfunction has been thought a promising therapeutic option to attenuate the development and progression of DN. In this study, we investigated the renoprotective effect of ethyl vanillin (EVA), an active analogue of vanillin isolated from vanilla beans, on streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced rat renal injury model and high glucose-induced NRK-52E cell model. The EVA treatment could strongly improve the deterioration of renal function and kidney cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, treating with EVA significantly decreased the level of MDA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stabilized antioxidant enzyme system in response to oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, EVA also markedly suppressed cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) expression in STZ-induced rats. Therefore, these results of our investigation provided that EVA might protect against kidney injury in DN by inhibiting oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.

Vanillin Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rat H9c2 Cardiomyocytes

“…BAX activation has recently been indicated as rate-limiting step in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy [ 55 ]. Similarly, vanillin has also been reported to modulate Bcl-2-associated X protein positively and negatively in reaction to discrete stimuli [ 56 , 57 ]. Therefore, we cannot exclude that other apoptotic-related proteins are involved in the vanillin-mediated cardioprotective effects in H9c2 cells.…”

Identification of Hub Genes Associated With Clinical Characteristics and Potential Therapy of Diabetic Nephropathy by Bioinformatics Analysis.

“…Recently, diabetic nephropathy has been pay more attention to acquire earlier diagnosis and additional targeted invention [14]. Increasing evidence indicated that autophagy [15], in ammation [16], oxidative stress and apoptosis [17], mitochondrial dysfunction [18], and abnormal activation of the renin angiotensin system [19] Many of extracellular matrix structural constituents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal disease [21] such as COL4A3 [22], decorin, biglycan and lumican [23].Enrichment analysis of DEGs by KEGG showed that many of these genes were mapped to protein digestion and absorption, Rap1 signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, platelet activation, PI 3 K-Akt signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascade pathway, etc.…”

Identification of Hub Genes Associated With Clinical Characteristics and Potential Therapy of Diabetic Nephropathy by Bioinformatics Analysis.

“…Recently, diabetic nephropathy had been pay more attention to acquire earlier diagnosis and additional targeted invention [16]. Increasing evidence indicated that autophagy [17], in ammation [18], oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and apoptosis [19], mitochondrial dysfunction [20], and abnormal activation of the renin angiotensin system [21] were closely involved in diabetic nephropathy. Of course, the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy was in uenced by genetic factors [22].…”