“…Pyruvate showed anti-inflammatory effects in various animal models but was restricted by its low stability in aqueous solutions [ 102 ]. Therefore, EP constitutes a more stable compound than pyruvate and exerts anti-inflammatory and protective effects in ROS-mediated models of ischemia and reperfusion [ 103 , 104 , 105 ], hemorrhagic shock [ 106 ], septic shock [ 107 , 108 ], cecal ligation and perforation [ 109 ], acute renal failure [ 110 , 111 ], pancreatitis [ 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 ], thermal injury [ 116 ], brain injury [ 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 ], cardiac injury [ 122 , 123 ], retinal damage, and uveitis and cataract [ 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 ]. The effects of EP on RAGE were also analyzed in several studies, showing a reduction of RAGE expression upon EP treatment [ 130 , 131 ].…”