Ethyl Formate as a Safe General Fumigant

Muthu, M.; Rajendran, S.; Krishnamurthy, T. S.; Narasimhan, K.; Rangaswamy, J. R.; Jayaram, M.; Majumder, S. K.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-42417-4.50037-2

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The present study shows that, with the exception of allyl acetate, the esters tested here were less toxic to stored grain insects than the fumigants currently used for their control. In an extensive study on ethyl formate (also an ester), Muthu et al 8 determined LD 50 doses of 19.5 and 14.3 mg litre −1 (24 h exposure) for the adults of T castaneum and S oryzae respectively. The LD 50 doses of allyl acetate for the above species (6.1 and 4.1 mg litre −1 respectively) in the current work indicate that allyl acetate is more toxic than ethyl formate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of late, sulfuryl fluoride, a well‐known structural fumigant for termite and wood borer control, has been cleared by the EPA, USA (ProFume ® ) for use on food commodities such as cereals, processed cereals, dried fruits and tree nuts. Older fumigants, such as carbon disulfide,7 ethyl formate,8, 9 ozone10 and newer compounds like carbonyl sulfide,11 alkylphosphines,12 cyanogens13 and isothiocyanates14 have been investigated as fumigants for stored food grains. These alternatives have their own merits and drawbacks as grain fumigants 5.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of allyl acetate as a fumigant against five stored grain beetle pests

Rajendran

Muralidharan

2004

Pest Management Science

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Five esters, butyl acetate, allyl acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, isopropyl acetate and propyl acetate, were screened as fumigants in the laboratory for 24 h at 27 (+/-2) degrees C against the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Of the compounds tested, allyl acetate was the most toxic, with LD(99) values of 7.56, 12.81 and 11.42 mg litre(-1) against R dominica, S oryzae and T castaneum, respectively. Tests with allyl acetate against mixed-age cultures of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L), R dominica, S oryzae and T castaneum revealed that doses of 50-150 mg litre(-1) with 24-120-h exposures were necessary to achieve 100% mortality of all life stages. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was the most tolerant insect tested, whilst R dominica was highly susceptible. The insect toxicity data indicates that allyl acetate has potential as a fumigant of stored food grains.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of allyl acetate as a fumigant against five stored grain beetle pests

Rajendran

Muralidharan

2004

Pest Management Science

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“…Background levels of ethanol and ethyl formate, in all commodities, were low in comparison with the application rate of ethyl formate, which is in the range 322±564 mg kg À1 on raisins. 3 If ethyl formate is, as stated, 2 hydrolysed to formic acid and ethanol, background levels of ethanol and ethyl formate would be insigni®cant compared to residues arising from fumigation.…”

Section: Discussion On Analysis Of Ethyl Formate and Ethanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethyl formate, formic acid and ethanol in air, wheat, barley and sultanas: analysis of natural levels and fumigant residues

Desmarchelier

Johnston

1999

Pestic. Sci.

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Ethyl formate and ethanol in air, eg in fumigant studies, were readily detected by gas chromatography (GC) (¯ame ionisation). Residues in wheat, barley and sultanas were analysed by GC, after extraction in polar solvents (eg methanol, aqueous propanol). Both natural levels and levels resulting from fumigation with ethyl formate were measured. Formic acid was extracted from commodities with polar solvents (eg methanol, water) and analysed by GC after esteri®cation. Solvent extracts of commodities were concentrated after addition of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, and an aliquot added to acidi®ed alcohols (several combinations of acids and alcohols were tested) in a sealed container. Formic acid esters were determined by GC, from headspace sampling over the esteri®cation solvent. Esteri®cation was faster with strong acids than with boric acid. However, esteri®cation with boric acid/butanol gave the least interference of all tested methods. Product identity was con®rmed by GC/mass spectrometry. High natural levels of formic acid, and low natural levels of ethyl formate and ethanol, presented problems in identifying residues arising from fumigation. These natural levels are relevant to food regulations for ethyl formate, especially those based on`total formic acid, free and combined'. Polar columns (eg FFAP, carbowax) were useful for measurement of formic acid esters, which eluted before the alcohols used for esteri®cation or extraction, whereas elution followed the molecular mass on non-polar columns, such as GS-Q or DB-624.

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“…Ethyl formate has been considered as a candidate for development as a fumigant of stored grain9, 10 and more recently for horticultural produce 11. Ethyl formate has many attractive attributes as a potential grain fumigant, such as its history of use as a fumigant of dried fruit and its relatively low mammalian toxicity 12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficacy of ethyl formate against stored grain insects has been investigated by Muthu et al 9 and in the presence of large quantities of dried fruit,10 but differences in methodology and complications of commodity sorption meant that the effective concentrations in these studies were not useful as starting points for this work. In this paper we show that combining ethyl formate with CO 2 increases efficacy of the fumigant towards stored grain insects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved efficacy of ethyl formate against stored grain insects by combination with carbon dioxide in a ‘dynamic’ application

Haritos

Damcevski

Dojchinov

2006

Pest Management Science

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Ethyl formate is being evaluated as a fumigant for stored grain as it is a potential alternative to the ozone-depleting fumigant methyl bromide and to phosphine, which is under pressure owing to the development of strong resistance in stored grain insects. However, use of ethyl formate faces significant challenges, such as poor penetration through grain, significant losses to grain sorption, high concentrations of fumigant required to control insects, and flammability risks, which have limited its further development. In this study it was found that the combination of carbon dioxide (5-20%) with ethyl formate significantly enhanced efficacy of the fumigant against external living stages of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F., and the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Dynamic application of ethyl formate and carbon dioxide mixture (100 mg litre-1 ethyl formate, 20% CO2) pumped through a model silo containing wheat (50 kg) for one gas exchange was also investigated. A flow rate of 6 litres min-1 gave a relatively even distribution of fumigant throughout the grain column and similar mortality levels among cultures of S. oryzae and T. castaneum placed at three positions, the top, middle and bottom of the column. Mortality of 99.8% of mixed stage cultures of T. castaneum and 95.1% of S. oryzae was achieved in 3 h exposures to 111 and 185 mg ethyl formate h litre-1 respectively applied by the dynamic method. It is concluded that the combination of carbon dioxide with ethyl formate and dynamic application enhances distribution and efficacy of the fumigant against stored grain insects.

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Ethyl Formate as a Safe General Fumigant

Cited by 43 publications

References 4 publications

Effectiveness of allyl acetate as a fumigant against five stored grain beetle pests

Effectiveness of allyl acetate as a fumigant against five stored grain beetle pests

Ethyl formate, formic acid and ethanol in air, wheat, barley and sultanas: analysis of natural levels and fumigant residues

Improved efficacy of ethyl formate against stored grain insects by combination with carbon dioxide in a ‘dynamic’ application

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