Ethopharmacology of Flight Behaviour

Dixon, A. K.; Kaesermann, Hans-Peter

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3359-0_4

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…aggressive behaviors and alarm calls because they were continuously establishing the social hierarchy [33,42]. However, we did not observe significant adaptation (decrease) of the fighting behaviors and alarm calls at the evening sessions over the days of experiment, though it is debatable how long it takes for the rats to establish the dominance status [43,44]. As we observed a global decrease of social behavior over the course of experiment, chances were that observing the rats for longer than 6 days would decrease even further their social activities.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Deep Learning Algorithms Reveal Increased Social Activity of Rats at the Start of Evening Twilight

Popik,

Cyrano,

Golebiowska

et al. 2024

Preprint

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1.SummaryThe rapid decrease of light intensity is a potent and natural stimulus of rats’ activity. The nature of this activity, in that, the character of the social behavior and the composition of concomitant ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) is unknown.This study, using deep learning algorithms, sought to assess the social life of rats’ pairs kept in the semi-natural conditions at the two twilight periods. Over six days, animals were video and audio recorded during the morning and the evening sessions lasting for 20-minutes each. The videos were used to train and use the DeepLabCut neural network examining animals’ movement in space and time. Numerical data generated by DeepLabCut were subjected to the Simple Behavioral Analysis (SimBA) toolkit, to build models of 11 distinct social and non-social behaviors. DeepSqueak toolkit was used to examine USVs.Deep learning algorithms revealed lights-off induced increases of fighting, mounting, crawling, and rearing behaviors, as well as of 22-kHz alarm calls and 50-kHz flat and short, but not frequency modulated calls. In contrast, lights-on stimulus increased the general activity, as well as adjacent lying (huddling), anogenital sniffing and rearing behaviors. The animals adapted to the housing conditions showing decreased ultrasonic calls, as well as of grooming and rearing behaviors, but not fighting.Present study shows lights-off induced increase of aggressive behavior but fail to demonstrate an increase in the positive affect defined by the hedonic USVs. We further confirm and extend the utility of deep learning algorithms in analyzing rat social behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations.Highlights- Rats display a natural increase in activity induced by lights-off stimulus- Deep learning algorithms allow for rapid characterization of social behavior and ultrasonic calls- The darkness increased aggressive behavior, 22-kHz alarm calls and 50-kHz flat and short, but not frequency modulated calls

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Deep Learning Algorithms Reveal Increased Social Activity of Rats at the Start of Evening Twilight

Popik,

Cyrano,

Golebiowska

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Since many of the defensive strategies used by animals are associated with flight it is important to consider some of these in more detail. Flight behaviour has been defined as those activities that when performed by an animal serve to remove it from a source of danger or harm (Dixon & Kaesermann, 1987;Dixon, Fisch & McAllister, 1990). Flight behaviour is an emergency response to danger and, hence, takes precedence over all other ongoing activities.…”

Section: Flight As a Defence Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethological strategies for defence in animals and humans: Their role in some psychiatric disorders

Dixon

1998

British Journal of Medical Psychology

177

126

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Ethological strategies for defence in animals and humans are expressed as either aggression or flight behaviour. Aggression is employed by animals during intraspecific competition for resources, mate, territory and acquiring and maintaining social status. It also disperses individuals throughout the biotope. Flight behaviour is used to avoid a source of danger or harm, has both dynamic arid static forms, is phylogenetically very old and takes precedence over all other activities including social behaviour. Animals exposed to inescapable threats or attacks exhibit a characteristic defensive strategy, arrested flight, which consists of gaze-avoidance or cut-offs, cryptic postures such as immobility and covert surveillance of their surroundings. Arrested flight also occurs in social encounters when submission fails to reduce attacks, and in prey animals when escape from a predator is hampered. Ethological studies show that during interviews, depressed patients exhibit a pattern of non-verbal behaviour having all the hallmarks of arrested flight. Cut-off behaviour, which seeks to reduce the input of flight-evoking stimuli is especially evident in these patients but takes an extreme form, i.e. eye closure, in the gaze-profiles of paranoid patients. It is proposed that cut-offs always denote the presence of incipient flight and that arrested flight is a 'last measure' defensive strategy in response to inescapable proximal threat. It can arise in humans whenever their escape routes are hampered and characterizes the behaviour of patients suffering from depression. As in animals, different pathways may lead to arrested flight in humans. In humans, defensive mechanisms also operate at the mental level through putative ego defences, the psychological function of which is to preserve self-esteem by hindering the access of disturbing emotional material into awareness. It is suggested that they function ethologically as mental cut-offs analogous to the behavioural cut-offs in animals.

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“…It is often hypothesized that offense, defense, submission and flight belong to one continuum of agonistic behavior, with pure offense (attack) on one end, and pure flight on the other. This implies that the behavioral strategy of a given animal can shift along this axis and that, dependent upon the experimental situation, a single animal may display any or all aspects of agonistic behavior (Dixon and Kaesermann 1987).A frequently used animal paradigm for testing the effects of drugs on aggression is isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Because isolated male mice show a full repertoire of agonistic behaviors (Krsiak 1974), this paradigm is very convenient for the ethological study of drug effects, making it possible to detect very specific drug effects (OliOffprint requests to: B. Olivier vier and van Dalen 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonergic modulation of social interactions in isolated male mice

et al. 1989

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Several serotonergic drugs were tested in isolation-induced aggressive behavior in male mice using ethological methodology. Eltoprazine, a mixed 5-HT1 agonist, reduced aggression but enhanced social interest and exploration. Several 5-HT1A agonists (8-OH-DPAT, ipsapirone, buspirone, 5-Me-ODMT) and a 5-HT uptake blocker (fluvoxamine) also reduced aggression. Although these drugs somewhat differentially affect aggressive behavior, the isolation-induced paradigm alone is not sensitive enough to successfully differentiate and screen the various serotonergic drugs with regard to their influence on social behavior in mice. It is argued that various animal paradigms in several species are necessary to describe specific effects of serotonergic drugs.

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Ethopharmacology of Flight Behaviour

Cited by 15 publications

References 109 publications

Deep Learning Algorithms Reveal Increased Social Activity of Rats at the Start of Evening Twilight

Deep Learning Algorithms Reveal Increased Social Activity of Rats at the Start of Evening Twilight

Ethological strategies for defence in animals and humans: Their role in some psychiatric disorders

Serotonergic modulation of social interactions in isolated male mice

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