“…In an exploratory descriptive study (Affonso, De, Horowitz, & Mayberry, 2000), 892 women from nine countries were examined for postpartum depressive symptoms; the results support that postpartum symptoms cross cultural boundaries. Stern and Kruckman's (1983) cultural approach is widely used to guide studies on the role of culture, support, and physical changes of postpartum women in various cultures (Beck, 1996;Hung & Chung, 2001;Lee, Yip, Leung, & Chung, 2004). Results of these studies indicate the value of and the need to institute social support practices as a means of lowering the risk of postpartum depression, and modifying the factors that appear to be influential to the adjustment of mothers during their postpartum phase.…”