Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines

Ethnobotanical Documentation of Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Panay Bukidnon in Lambunao, Iloilo, Philippines

“…The use of leaves as the most preferred medicinal plant part to address medical conditions is comparable to other ethnobotanical surveys conducted throughout the archipelago ( Balangcod and Balangcod, 2011 ; Olowa et al, 2012 ; Abe and Ohtani, 2013 ; Gruyal et al, 2014 ; Ong and Kim, 2014 ; Raterta et al, 2014 ; Balangcod and Balangcod, 2015 ; Pizon et al, 2016 ; Odchimar et al, 2017 ; Baddu and Ouano, 2018 ; Tantengco et al, 2018 ; Agapin, 2019 ; Pablo, 2019 ; Cordero et al, 2020 ; Dapar et al, 2020 ; Belgica et al, 2021 ; Cordero and Alejandro, 2021 ; Madjos and Ramos, 2021 ; Montero and Geducos, 2021 ; Nuñeza et al, 2021 ). As a tropical country, leaves are always available for most plant species at all seasons and are readily accessible in case of emergencies.…”

“…Decoction is the most common form of preparation and preferably to be taken orally and occasionally used for body steaming, bathing, and washing. It is also an evident form of preparation in other indigenous communities in the country ( Balangcod and Balangcod, 2015 ; Pizon et al, 2016 ; Odchimar et al, 2017 ; Baddu and Ouano, 2018 ; Tantengco et al, 2018 ; Cordero et al, 2020 ; Cordero and Alejandro, 2021 ; Madjos and Ramos, 2021 ; Nuñeza et al, 2021 ). Decoction is done with the use of one medicinal plant species or in a combination of two or more.…”

“…The rhizome’s extract is usually used for the treatment. It is also used by other indigenous groups in the country for diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, arthritis, and hypertension by the Higaonon tribe in Iligan City ( Olowa et al, 2012 ); arthritis, cough, and cuts and wounds by the Ivatan tribe in Batan Island ( Abe and Ohtani, 2013 ); fever, burn, dizziness, and abdominal pain by the Ati tribe in Guimaras Island ( Ong and Kim, 2014 ); arthritis by the Subanen tribe in Zamboanga del Sur ( Pizon et al, 2016 ); flatulence, headache, numbness, rheumatism, stomachache, and vomiting by the Aetas tribe in Bataan ( Pablo, 2019 ); cancer by the Manobo tribe in Bukidnon ( Pucot et al, 2019 ); skin eruptions and gastric pain by the Ati tribe in Aklan ( Cordero et al, 2020 ); ten different diseases by the Manobo tribe in Agusan del Sur ( Dapar et al, 2020 ); myoma, hepatitis, relapse, sore eyes, and stye by the eight ethnolinguistic groups in Zamboanga Peninsula ( Madjos and Ramos, 2021 ); bruise and boils by the Mamanwa tribe in Surigao del Norte and Agusan del Norte ( Nuñeza et al, 2021 ). In India, the use of C. longa dates back to 4,000 years ago not only as a culinary spice but also for religious and medicinal importance.…”

“…It thus does not surprise that it is commonly used for cough, fever, headache, body pains, chest pain, fracture, and hearing problems. Other ethnobotanical surveys mentioned its efficacy against cough and scabies by the Kalanguya tribe in Ifugao ( Balangcod and Balangcod, 2011 ); stomachache ( Olowa et al, 2012 ); sore eyes, ear infection, and cough by the Ayta tribes in Pampanga ( Ragragio et al, 2013 ); cough with phlegm, fever, abdominal pain, body pains, and headache ( Ong and Kim, 2014 ); colds by the Talaandig tribe in Bukidnon ( Odchimar et al, 2017 ); dysmenorrhea by the Y’Apayaos in Cagayan arthritis ( Baddu and Ouano, 2018 ); fever, sore throat, colds, cough, and phlegm Ayta in Bataan ( Tantengco et al, 2018 ); fever, headache, dizziness, stomachache, bloated stomach, and cough ( Cordero et al, 2020 ); 11 different folkloric uses ( Madjos and Ramos, 2021 ); cough and gas pain ( Cordero and Alejandro, 2021 ); fever, cough, and cough with phlegm ( Nuñeza et al, 2021 ). In medieval times, it was known as the “mother of herbs” due to its beneficial effects.…”

“…It is also used by the Panay Bukidnon for high uric level, pneumonia, dizziness, intestinal cleansing, kidney trouble, doklong , itchy throat, amoebiasis, lump, and arthritis. In traditional medicine across the country, it is also used for the treatment of diarrhea ( Olowa et al, 2012 ); dermatological diseases ( Tantiado, 2012 ); fever, insect repellent, headache, and stomachache ( Ragragio et al, 2013 ); tetanus ( Pizon et al, 2016 ); gastrointestinal cleansing and tumors ( Odchimar et al, 2017 ); fever and arthritis ( Baddu and Ouano, 2018 ); stomachache and dizziness ( Tantengco et al, 2018 ); diabetes, high blood, stomachache, UTI, and vertigo ( Pablo, 2019 ); cancer ( Agapin, 2019 ); 12 different diseases ( Dapar et al, 2020 ); kidney problems, urinary tract infection, goiter, and anthelmintic ( Cordero et al, 2020 ); at least 16 medical problems ( Madjos and Ramos, 2021 ); cuts and wounds, stomach ulcer, intestinal cleansing, UTI, cough, and cancer ( Cordero et al, 2020 ); cancer ( Montero and Geducos, 2021 ); cough, wound, asthma, and UTI ( Nuñeza et al, 2021 ); cancer, stomach acidity, hypertension, and cough ( Belgica et al, 2021 ). Phytochemical constituents investigated on A. muricata exhibited antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antiparasitic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, gastroprotective, and wound healing activity ( Moghadamtousi et al, 2015 ; Coria-Téllez et al, 2018 ).…”