Ethnobotany of the crab apple tree (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Rosaceae) in Spain

Tardío, Javier; Arnal, Alberto Lafarga; Lázaro, Almudena

doi:10.1007/s10722-020-01026-y

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…There are indeed reasons why fruits and nuts would get processed prior to consumption instead of eating them raw. Bearing in mind that all sites except Mauk A yielded only assemblages of charred plant remains, we may focus on heat treatments here: Boiling, cooking, roasting, and drying of fruits and nuts can be highly useful for the detoxification of harmful compound as in Sambucus [ 209 ], or for the improvement of taste and palatability as in Malus sylvestris or Prunus spinosa [ 210 ]. Increasing shelf life by several weeks and months is another plausible reason for such heat treatments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dig out, Dig in! Plant-based diet at the Late Bronze Age copper production site of Prigglitz-Gasteil (Lower Austria) and the relevance of processed foodstuffs for the supply of Alpine Bronze Age miners

et al. 2021

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This paper starts from theoretical and methodical considerations about the role of archaeobotanical finds in culinary archaeology, emphasizing the importance of processed cereal preparations as the “missing link” between crop and consumption. These considerations are exemplified by the discussion of abundant new archaeobotanical data from the Late Bronze Age copper mining site of Prigglitz-Gasteil, situated at the easternmost fringe of the Alps. At this site, copper ore mining in opencast mines took place from the 11th until the 9th century BCE (late Urnfield Culture), as well as copper processing (beneficiation, smelting, refining, casting) on artificial terrain terraces. During archaeological excavations from 2010 to 2014, two areas of the site were investigated and sampled for archaeobotanical finds and micro-debris in a high-resolution approach. This paper aims at 1) analysing the food plant spectrum at the mining settlement of Prigglitz-Gasteil basing on charred plant macroremains, 2) investigating producer/consumer aspects of Prigglitz-Gasteil in comparison to the Bronze Age metallurgical sites of Kiechlberg, Klinglberg, and Mauken, and 3) reconstructing the miners’ and metallurgists’ diets. Our analyses demonstrate that the plant-based diet of the investigated mining communities reflects the general regional and chronological trends rather than particular preferences of the miners or metallurgists. The lack of chaff, combined with a high occurrence of processed food, suggests that the miners at Prigglitz-Gasteil were supplied from outside with ready-to-cook and processed grain, either from adjacent communities or from a larger distance. This consumer character is in accordance with observation from previously analysed metallurgical sites. Interestingly, the components observed in charred cereal products (barley, Hordeum vulgare, and foxtail millet, Setaria italica) contrast with the dominant crop taxa (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum, foxtail millet, and lentil, Lens culinaris). Foraging of fruits and nuts also significantly contributed to the daily diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dig out, Dig in! Plant-based diet at the Late Bronze Age copper production site of Prigglitz-Gasteil (Lower Austria) and the relevance of processed foodstuffs for the supply of Alpine Bronze Age miners

et al. 2021

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“…The cultivation of wild genotypes (here, from the red or purple populations) would not be surprising as M. orientalis can grow in mountainous areas, is highly resistant to pests, diseases and drought (Amirchakhmaghi et al, 2018; Büttner, 2001; Höfer et al, 2013; Volk et al, 2008), and has high-quality fruits that have several features that are intermediate between those of M. sylvestris and M. sieversii (Cornille et al, 2014). The use of local wild apples has also been documented in Europe for specific purposes at different times in history (Tardío, Arnal, & Lázaro, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of an additional wild contributor, Malus orientalis Uglitzk., to the genome of cultivated apple varieties in the Caucasus and Iran

Bina

Yousefzadeh

Venon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Anthropogenic and natural divergence processes in crop-wild fruit tree complexes are less studied than in annual crops, especially in the Caucasus, a pivotal region for plant domestication. We investigated anthropogenic and natural divergence processes in apples in the Caucasus from using 26 microsatellite markers amplified on 508 wild and cultivated samples. We found two specific Iranian cultivated populations that were differentiated from Malus domestica, the standard cultivated apple worldwide, suggesting a specific local domestication process in Iran. Some Iranian apple cultivars belonged to the Caucasian wild apple gene pools, indicating that farmers also use local wild apple for cultivation. Substantial wild-crop and crop-crop gene flow were also inferred. We identified seven genetically differentiated populations of wild apples (Malus orientalis) in the Caucasus. Niche modeling indicated that these populations likely resulted from range changes linked to the last glaciation. This study pinpoints Iran as a key region in the evolution and domestication of apple and further demonstrates the role of gene flow during fruit tree domestication as well as the impact of climate change on the natural divergence of a wild fruit tree. The results also provide a practical base for apple conservation and breeding programs in the Caucasus.

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“…This hypothesis agrees with the differentiated population of D. plantaginea observed in Asturias (Northwestern Spain). This region is known for the main utilization of the apple for cider production and is based on local cider cultivars (Tardío, Arnal, & Lázaro, 2020). Most of our samples from Spain are from Asturias, except the Catalan samples that were clustering with the European ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypothesis agrees with a differentiated population observed in Asturias (Northwestern Spain). In this region, apple production is mainly used for cider-making and is based on local cider cultivars (Tardío, Arnal, & Lázaro, 2020). Since most of our samples from Spain are from Asturias, except the Catalan samples that were clustering with the European ones, the exchange of apple material within Asturias, and within other regions in Europe, may have been more intense, implying higher risk of aphid movement within regions than between regions.…”

Section: Colonization With Gene Flow Likely Driven By Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale geography survey provides insights into the colonization history of a major aphid pest on its cultivated apple host in Europe, North America and North Africa

Olvera-Vazquez

Venon

Rousselet

et al. 2020

Preprint

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SummaryWith frequent host shifts involving the colonization of new hosts across large geographical ranges, crop pests are good models for examining the mechanisms of rapid colonization. The microbial partners of pest insects may be involved or affected by colonization, which has been little studied so far. We investigated the demographic history of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, a major pest of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) in Europe, North Africa and North America, as well as the diversity of its endosymbiotic bacterial community. We genotyped a comprehensive sample of 714 colonies from Europe, Morocco and the US using mitochondrial (CytB and CO1), bacterial (16s rRNA and TrnpB), and 30 microsatellite markers. We detected five populations spread across the US, Morocco, Western and Eastern Europe, and Spain. Populations showed weak genetic differentiation and high genetic diversity, except the Moroccan and the North American that are likely the result of recent colonization events. Coalescent-based inferences releaved high levels of gene flow among populations during the colonization, but did not allow determining the sequence of colonization of Europe, America and Morroco by D. plantaginea, likely because of the weak genetic differentiation and the occurrence of gene flow among populations. Finally, we found that D. plantaginea rarely hosts any other endosymbiotic bacteria than its obligate nutritional symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. This suggests that secondary endosymbionts did not play any role in the rapid spread of the rosy apple aphid. These findings have fundamental importance for understanding pest colonization processes and implications for sustainable pest control programs.

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Ethnobotany of the crab apple tree (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Rosaceae) in Spain

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Dig out, Dig in! Plant-based diet at the Late Bronze Age copper production site of Prigglitz-Gasteil (Lower Austria) and the relevance of processed foodstuffs for the supply of Alpine Bronze Age miners

Dig out, Dig in! Plant-based diet at the Late Bronze Age copper production site of Prigglitz-Gasteil (Lower Austria) and the relevance of processed foodstuffs for the supply of Alpine Bronze Age miners

Evidence of an additional wild contributor, Malus orientalis Uglitzk., to the genome of cultivated apple varieties in the Caucasus and Iran

Large-scale geography survey provides insights into the colonization history of a major aphid pest on its cultivated apple host in Europe, North America and North Africa

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